Sports Injury Essay Research Paper POLICY PAPER free essay sample

Sports Injury Essay, Research Paper POLICY PAPER: SPORTS INJURY The ICCWA notes that: 1. Sports hurts in Australia are estimated at 1 million per twelvemonth. Around 200,000 of these are regarded as serious and 40,000 require hospitalization or surgical intercession ( CHPR, 1990 ) . 2. There is a deficiency of standardised informations on athleticss hurts in Australia, both in general, within featuring codifications and for schools ( CHPR, 1992 ) . This deficiency of information is a barrier to injury bar. 3. The direct medical cost of athleticss hurts in Australia in 1987-88 was estimated at between $ 333-400 million. A farther estimated $ 400 million was lost through work absenteeism. Give 1990 money values, entire 1990 costs are estimated at $ 1 billion ( CHPR, 1990 ) . 4. It is estimated that between 30-50 % of all hurts could potentially be prevented ( CHPR, 1990 ) . 5. The best chances for hurt bar exist in instruction and regulation alteration. Coach, trainer, instructor, participant, decision maker and umpire/r eferee instruction and the consequent betterments in participant readying could significantly cut down the incidence of many featuring hurts. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Injury Essay Research Paper POLICY PAPER or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Changes to regulations, their enforcement and the attendant punishments for violations could besides cut down the incidence of some featuring hurts. 6. It is estimated that an overall spending of $ 0.5 million in bar outgo over three old ages could cautiously ensue in a possible one-year cost economy of up to $ 200 million ( CHPR, 1990 ) . 7. The Australian Sports Medicine Federation ( ASMF ) conducts a national athleticss hurts bar programmme. This programme consists of the National Sports Trainers Scheme # 8211 ; NSTS ( Sports Medicine Awareness Course -SMAC, Level 1 and Level 2 Sports Trainers Courses ) and the Guidelines for Safety in Children # 8217 ; s Sport. 8. The Australian Physiotherapy Associaton ( WA Branch ) has initiated Sports Injury Prevention Programmes aimed at specific community groups. 9. The NSTS plays an of import function in educating Sports Trainers for their parts to feature safety in the Australian athletics system. 10. Although hard to accurately cipher, the strategy is considered to be responsible for a big decrease in medical, societal and personal costs of athleticss hurt ( CHPR, 1992 ) . 11. The full benefit of bing and future athleticss hurt bar programmes can be enhanced by greater handiness and community entree to these programmes. An addition in funding for programme development and publicity is needed to better community entree to these programmmes. The ICCWA believes that : 12. Prevention of injury is the most important form of injury management. 13. Injury prevention education of sports participants, sports trainers, coaches, teachers, parents and administrators is a key factor in injury prevention. This education is necessary to bring about improvements in player preparation, rule modification and facility development. 14. Sports Injury Prevention Programmmes should be available to all school students: primary, lower secondary and upper secondary. 15. Given appropriate funding, a large increase in the current level of people qualified at SMAC and Sports Trainer level in the Australian sport system is possible. 16. There is a significant need for regular standardised collection of data on sports injuries in Western Australia, both in general, within specific codes and within schools. 17. The National Sports Trainers Scheme has the potential to contribute to the collection of sports injury data in WA. 18. Sports injuries can be prevented by the use of Australian Standards protective equipment, eg. eye-guards for those playing squash and indoor cricket; and that such equipment should be not subject to the 20% sales tax. The ICCWA recommends that: 19. All schools and sporting associations be encouraged to make injury prevention education mandatory for all teachers, coaches and trainers involved in sport. 20. ICCWA Board send a copy of this policy to the relevant government ministers (Education, and Sport Recreation), the WA Sport Federation, and Tertiary Institutions involved in teacher education. 21. Federal and State Government should consider greater financial support for the wider conduct of existing and future sports injury prevention programmes. 22. ICCWA investigate possible schemes and systems for the collection of sports injury data in WA. 23. The sports injury prevention programmes initiated by like-minded organisations be endorsed and supported by ICCWA. References: . Centre for Health Promotion and Research (CHPR) ( 1990) Sports injuries in Australia: Causes, costs and prevention. A report to the National Better Health Programme. Sydney: CHPR. . Centre for Health Promotion and Research (CHPR) (1992) Evaluation fo the ASMF National Sports Trainer’s Scheme. Sydney: CHPR. Acknowledgements: ICCWA acknowledges the assistance of Mr Kyle March, Mr D. Gurumoorthy and Mr Gavin Maisey in the preparation of this policy paper. The views presented in this paper are those only of the ICCWA. ICCWA also acknowledges the support of the Western Australian Health Promotion Foundation (Healthway).

Corruption in the Nigerian Economy

Corruption in the Nigerian Economy Free Online Research Papers ASTRACT The paper has critically examined the harshness of corruption on the Nigerian economy and the support of civil servants in reduces its incidence. The ‘monster’ is the cause for the nation’s economy development impediment. Related literature of renowned scholars, white paper of the Dangin Commission (2000) of Plateau State and personal opinions of civil servants were major sources of data used for this paper. Again, we employed a survey instrument-questionnaire for collecting primary data and percentages were used for testing our hypothesis. According to our investigations, corruption in civil service is caused by Staff negligence and/or negligence of management and the more culpable persons are experienced public servants on level 10 and above, also political appointees. The best strategy of curbing corruption in Nigeria, as opined by respondents and supported by our hypothesis, is those saddled with the responsibility of fighting corruption must live above board and avoid creating bad precedent. Again, the Auditor-General and his/her subordinates should engage in a regular periodic inspection. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY With the current global recession, the economies of most developing countries have been thrown into very serious problems. Stocks in the capital market in Nigeria, America and United Kingdom among others are experiencing the bearish market situations. Besides, Nigeria has other factors that have battered our economy seriously: these are no other things than the monster-corruption and the persistent political crisis. Measures such as the War Against Indiscipline (WAI), the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) and Economic Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) have been employed and adopted by past regimes and administrations to curb the underhand practices but all proved abortive, while the economy recession is on the increase: how long should this continue. According to a statement in one of the Daily Times of 1999, it says, â€Å"Decade after decade, children are born to see and learn of this enemy of development. Why should we allow this to continue, we need to joint hands on this criminal behaviour in other to protect present and future generations of our great country†. Corruption has really been the bane of this country; all hands must be on deck. Nigeria was grouped as the 2nd position and the 6th position of the world most corrupt countries. The sequence of the positions above shows little improvement which is not significant for stopping the worry of patriotic Nigerians on the matter. The instinct for corruption normally begins with ungratefulness and greediness. As stated by Malick, 1994:68; â€Å"The origin of corruption is that it is influenced by the quest for more material wealth†. According to Bureau for Public Procurement (BPP: 2008), Nigeria losses 60 kobo to underhand practices out of every N1 (100 kobo) spent by government. The wealth of this nation is being looted by the few privileged individuals known as civil servants and politicians who are busy acquiring their ill-gotten wealth by inflating contract, diverting public assets into personal property and etcetera. Corruption has really ruined our economy in different ways. According to Akara (1994:12), Corruption, in all its ramifications in any society is the symptom of the moral indiscipline and moral decadent that can only be arrested and the society regenerated, if and only if that society itself becomes aware and conscious of its dangerous descent into the abyss of self-extinction. Corruption has really affected the public sector and has spilled to other sectors of the economy such as private sector businesses and households. In view of the yearly reports of the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) and the various white papers issued in Plateau State-Nigeria, year-in-year-out, many people are initiated into the different forms of these sharp practices. A recent revelation made by the Plateau State Commission of Enquiry into Financial Activities of government for 1999 – 2007, the State Board of Internal Revenue generated about N24 billion (approximately $210 million) but less than 25% of the revenue was account for, more than 75% of the revenue is allegedly embezzled. The issue of corruption in the public sector is perpetrated in a syndicate where both civil servants and political appointees are involved. A study on why corruption flourishes in the public sector might be expected to provide a useful insight into the strategies to be adopted to minimize this evil. It is also expected that the existing government will learn from the experiences of past leaders, who have failed in their efforts to curb the menace of this underhand practices by given leap service for implementation of measures the country has put in place to help in reducing the cases and magnitude of corruption in the public sector and indeed the country as a whole. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Though, the public sector is the machinery of government in achieving meaningful development in the area of infrastructures, education, health and etcetera, the failure to achieve any of these developmental goals is due to an array of problems. Of these problems, the issue of corruption is one that has eating into the fabrics of our economy and the need to manage its scourge is imperative. The efforts of the Independent Corruption Practices Commission (ICPC) and the Economic Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) have done little in curbing this monster as cases and magnitudes of corruption is still significant compared to the poverty level in this country. According to 2006 NDIC annual report (2008), billions of Naira are lost to fraudsters and other dubious people annually. In the survey conducted between 1999/2000 by CPAR, an average of $10 billion is lost to corruption (BPP: 2008). This cannot be allowed to continue, never! The magnitude of this problem and its implications for the Nigeria economy have inspired the writing of this paper with a view to having all hands on deck in fighting this evil in Nigeria. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE ARTICLE The aim of this paper is to assess the views of civil servants about the effort of government against corruption in the Public Sector in Nigeria and to proffer suggested approaches on how to minimise it. To achieve this singular objective, the following secondary objectives have been specified: i) To review existing literatures on the subject matter; ii) To identify the causes of corruption perpetrated in the Public Sector; iii) To determine the negative effect of corruption in the Public Sector; iv) To ascertain the major perpetrators of corruption in the public sector. v) To recommend strategies for curbing and reducing the incidence of corruption in the economic system of Nigeria. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS In the light of the foregoing, the following questions may be asked: i) What are the ways of defrauding the public sector? ii) What are the major causes of corruption in the public sector? iii) What are the effects of corruption in the public sector? iv) How can the problems of corruption be managed in our public offices? v) What are the best ways of mitigating the effects of corruption in Nigeria? vi) Who are the major contributors to corruption in Nigeria? vii) Who are the most culpable people involved in corruption. These questions form the problem that prompted the writing of this paper and the need to provide workable answers to them constitutes its justification. 1.5 HYPOTHESIS To achieve some of the objectives of this paper, the following hypothesis is formulated: Ho: That civil servants being the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are not in support of the fight against the â€Å"Monster†; HI: That civil servants being the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are in support of the fight against the â€Å"Monster†. This hypothesis will be tested with percentages of collective opinions of civil servants as obtained from the field. 1.5 SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This paper is relevant to what the Obasanjo’s government started which the Yar’adua’s administration is trying to sustain, specifically on their efforts to wipe out all forms of corruption in Nigeria. The settings up of the Anti-Corruption Act’2000, Anti-Money Laundry Act’2004 and the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) in 2004 are all proofs that the Nigerian government is really fighting corruption, and requires support from all patriotic Nigerians to join hands against this evil that is pervading the society. 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Definitions of Corruption: Anti-Corruption Law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 2000 defined ‘Corruption’ â€Å"to include all forms of bribery, fraud and other related offences†. A corrupt practice takes place when one in a fiduciary position acts in a manner prejudicial to the cause of his employer because of the receipt of a benefit or consideration from a third party who is ultimately the beneficiary of the action taken, (Ijewere, 1999). According to Osisioma (1999), corrupt practices tend to produce an illegal transfer of resources, and in the transfer exercise, the actors engage in an unproductive use of their labour and resources. Obasanjo (1994) defines corruption as the misuse of public power for private and personal benefit which is distinguishable from other crimes by the fact that it is usually carried out in utmost secrecy and the act itself may not be immediately perceptible. In its tactical meaning, corruption is an act or course of deception deliberately practiced to gain unlawful or unfair advantage; deception directed to the detriment of the public. 2.2 FORMS OF CORRUPTION AND WAYS OF DEFRAUDING GOVERNMENT. Corruption is perpetrated in the civil service in various forms. The two major forms are petty corruption and grand corruption. The common ones have been identified and classified as follows: a) Inflating of contract prices; b) Diversion of government property to personal property; c) Collection of bribes or gratification; d) Teaming and Lading; e) Irregularities; Many measures have been introduced, especially at the individual Ministry, Boards and Parastatals to minimize this menacing problem without much success, (Danging Commission,2000). 2.3 CAUSES OF CORRUPTION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR. The common causes of corruption as identified by different Authors and Newspapers are summarized below: i) Poor Administration – This is in terms of inadequate supervision, and inadequate control is the most significant causes of corruption. For instance, when a junior staff is inadequately supervised, those with fraudulent tendencies may get the wrong impression that there working environment and/or circumstances is safe for the perpetration of corruption, (Ishola, 1997:25). ii) Negligence – Staff negligence and/or negligence of management is the commonest and most susceptible factor which corrupters look forward to in government establishments and they usually capitalize on it. For instance, lack of regular bank reconciliation, stocktaking, verification of prices in the market and issuing of cheques without proper blocking of the unused space could be manipulated by the perpetrators, (Babatunde, 1987:16). iii) Poor Salaries and Conditions of Service – When civil servants are unable to meet their personal, psychological and social needs because of poor salaries and conditions of service, they may be tempted to collect bribe, inflate contract price, inflate prices of goods/items purchased directly, embezzle money or fraudulently convert some of the government assets into their own use. This temptation becomes harder to resist particularly for civil servants who work with cash or in other sensitive areas, (Dandago, 1997:16). iv) Opportunity and Low Chance of Detection – A poor or inadequate internal control or inefficiency of existing control could induce corruption. A poor or inefficient control system could also be a tempting source to a rather previously honest staff, (Williams, 2000:24). 2.4 THEORIES OF CORRUPTION Attempts have been made to weave the aforementioned factors into comprehensive theories of corruption and criminal behaviour. Theories of corruption are terse and controversial, Babatunde (1987) has propounded that the motivation to fraudulent behavior derives from the number of causes. These could be pathological, greed, the desire to be with the Jones; extreme; want often characterized as dire need; cultural demands or the cultivation of tastes too expensive for the legitimate income of the individual. Criminal motivation, with particular reference to corruption is said to be pathological when the state of mind of the criminal disposes and impels him to engage in corrupt practices, even though he is not in dire need of the resources. A case in point is a kleptomaniac who has a pathological desire to steal for the sake of stealing. Osisioma (1999) opined that the main cause of corruption in the public sector is traceable to the general dishonesty in the society. Since there is corruption in all facets of the Nigerian life, management of finances should pay attention to some of the factors that causes corruption in the public sector. 2.5 THE EFFECTS OF CORRUPTION IN PUBLIC SECTOR The perceived effects on the government, and the desire to find the means of curbing such adverse effects normally prompts studies on corruption in the Public Sector. Attempts have therefore been made by many writers to identify the effects of corruption in the Public Sector and the economy in general. All authors/writers agreed that corruption leads to huge loss of resources, which belong to the government, and members of the general public. This loss results in reduced levels of resources available, which could hamper the development of the economy and could force enterprises to liquidation if the frequency and scale of corruption are high. Other effects of corruption in the public sector, which will consequently affect the society, include the loss of confidence in Nigeria by international investors and therefore a setback for the effort aimed by the Obasanjo’s administration to create enabling environment for international investors to invest. In addition, the distraction of government’s attention, increase in operating costs, and the wastage of time and resources on minimizing corruption are other effects of corruption, (BUGAIN; 1994:91). 2.6 THE MEASURES FOR CONTROLLING CORRUPTION: In view of the gravity of the effects of corruption on public sector, government has employed many measures aimed at controlling corruption. However, corruption has continued on an upward trend despite these measures and this has called their effectiveness into question. According to Jat (1998:129), the most threatening aspect, however, is that the control of an identified specie of Fraud (corruption) seems to give birth to another that is invariably more sophisticated and complex indicating the negative use of human ingenuity and endowment. A number of authors: Obasanjo, Osisioma, and Malick among others, have identified some administrative control systems that can be devised by government to prevent corruption. Administrative control system has been defined as â€Å"the whole system of controls, financial and otherwise, established by the government in other to carry on the business of government in an orderly manner, safe-guard its assets and secure as far as possible the accuracy and reliability of the records†. (Millichamp, 1990:79) Internal administrative control system was classified into two major groups: internal checks and internal audit. Internal checks are the operational controls which are built into the public sector system to simplify the processing of policies in order to secure prompt services to the populace, to help in minimizing clerical errors and to act as insurance against collusion. Internal audit or inspection involves the review of administrative activities and records undertaken within the civil service by specifically assigned staffs. The roles of the inspectorate division and the state Audit department are to serve as watch-dogs on public funds, to ensure that there is no improper application of these funds, to ensure that expenditure and revenue are duly authorized and accounted for, to periodically inspect account books in order to ensure that transactions are properly recorded and books are regularly balance, to investigate mal-practices like frauds, inflated contracts, forgeries, embezzlement and theft of government money or properties. However, existing systems of control can be classified into two: Prevention and Detection. Those aimed at prevention and those aimed at detection. Measure aimed at preventing corruption include; dual control, operational manual, graduated limits of authority, reporting system, establishment of inspectorate units, general personnel policies, referencing on presentation of documents of value, segregation of duties, verification of all approval for payment and purchases and close watch on the life-style of staff. Others are prompt treatment of files and the movement of files by messengers. Measures aimed at detecting corrupt practices include: contract verification, market survey, checking of cashiers, bank reconciliation, periodical submission of statement of accounts, periodic stock-taking of all items in the store. In addition to management and internal control measures, the authors suggested means of controlling corruption in the public sector, which are the statutory requirements of an external auditor and the examination of government books of accounts by the state audit department as an inspectors’ authority. Sanusi attributed the ineffectiveness of these to weakness in staff policy and control, operational procedures, and the attitude of government. In contrast, some other writers such as Obasanjo, Malick, Osisioma (2000) have argued that the causes of corruption in the public sector is not that of lack of administrative control systems but that of moral weakness of man’s mind owing to his acquisitive instincts. 3.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS To substantiate our research questions earlier mentioned, data collected from Plateau State civil service, the Dangin Commission Report (2000) and responses from our field survey is hereby presented in tabular form with proper analysis below. This will be presented using percentages as a parameter. 3.1 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS PRIMARY DATA Table 1 shows the Responses of respondents from the Field Survey QUESTIONS No. 0F RESPONSE % 1. Which of the following ways do you thing civil servants are using mostly to defraud the government? Tick one, please: i. Contract price and purchase price inflation†¦. ii. Collection of bribes or gratification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii. Diversion of government property to personal property†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iv. Teaming and Lading†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ v. Robbery and Burglary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. TOTAL 13 16 6 3 2 40 32.5 40 15 7.5 5 100 1. Which of these are the major causes of corruption in the public sector? Tick one, please: i. Poor Administration ii. Staff negligence and/or negligence of management iii. Poor Salaries and Conditions of Service iv. Opportunity and Low Chance of Detection i. TOTAL 11 12 7 8 40 27.5 30 17.5 20 100 2. Which of the following form of corruptions do you thing has the more negative effect on the Nigerian economy? ii. Grand corruption: that is, corruption involving N100,000 and above iii. Petty corruption: that is, corruption involving less N100,000 i. TOTAL 22 18 40 55 45 100 3. Suggest ways in which problems of corruption can best be managed in our public offices by ticking one of the following? ii. Sound internal control system iii. Internal check and internal audit iv. Periodic inspections by the Auditor-General v. Instituting an EFCC outlet in every government ministry vi. Instant dismissal of dubious and suspected corrupt officials TOTAL 6 8 12 5 9 40 15 20 30 12.5 22.5 100 4. Who amongst these are the most culpable people involved in corruption? i. Level 01- 06 employees ii. Level 07 – 12 officers iii. Level 13 – 16 officers iv. Level 17 and all political appointees TOTAL 5 10 12 13 40 12.5 25 30 32.5 100 From the above analyses, 40% of the respondents opined that the most common ways that civil servants used for defrauding the government is through bribery and gratification. For the causes of corruption in Nigeria, 30% of the respondents indicated that staff negligence and/or negligence of management is the major cause. However, most civil servants have opined that grand corruption has more negative effects that petty corruption. This finding is 55% against 45%. Again, 30% and 22.5% of the respondents have indicated that the best ways to manage corruption are Periodic inspections by the Auditor-General and Instant dismissal of dubious and suspected corrupt officials, respectively. Lastly, the survey has revealed that the most culpable persons are civil servants on level 17 and all political appointees, followed by civil servants on level 13 – 16. Table 2 is a Likert Questions Table containing a list of suggested strategies for curbing corruption in which 150 respondents (Civil Servants) indicated their agreement or otherwise and to what extent. Note. Questions 1–5 were answered on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (strongly agree) to 4 (strongly disagree). Question 0 1 2 3 4 1. Employer should verify the integrity of new employees from their referees 32 34 8 46 30 2. Any identified fraudulent person should be instantly dismissed and made to face the full wrath of the law 55 39 13 23 20 3. The fight against corruption should commence right from homes and schools 41 48 9 20 32 4. Those saddled with the responsibility of fighting corruption should try and live above board and avoid creating bad precedents 72 56 2 8 12 5. All civil servants and political appointees should declare their assets on assumption of duty 52 50 16 22 10 From table 2, 48% of the respondents strongly agreed that those saddled with the responsibility of fighting corruption should try and live above board and avoid creating precedence. This is followed with the opinions of 37% of the respondents who strongly agreed that any identified fraudulent person should be instantly dismissed and made to face the full wrath of the law while 35% also agreed on strong terms that all civil servants and political appointees should declare their assets on assumption of duty. However, 32% of the respondents merely agreed that the fight against corruption should commence right from homes and schools while majority disagree that employer of labour (government) should verify the integrity of new employees from their referees as a strategy for curbing corruption. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS The responses from the field survey in table 2 above are used to test the hypothesis that says â€Å"That civil servants being the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are not in support of the fight against the monster† Question 0 1 Total (02) 2 3 4 Total Grand (34) Total 1 32 34 66 8 46 30 76 142 2 55 39 94 13 23 20 43 137 3 41 48 89 9 20 32 52 141 4 72 56 128 2 8 12 20 148 5 52 50 102 16 22 10 32 134 479 223 702 To accept the null hypothesis, the percentage of disagreed responses must be greater than 50% otherwise reject it and accept the alternative hypothesis. Percentage of agreed responses = 479 x 100 = 68% 702 1 Percentage of disagreed responses = 223 x 100 = 32% 702 1 Hence, we reject Ho that says, â€Å"Civil Servants being the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are not in support of the fight against the â€Å"Monster† and accept HI that says, â€Å"Civil Servants being the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are in support of the fight against the â€Å"Monster†. 4.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Based on the study, the paper can be summarized with the findings that factors such as: Contract price and purchase price inflation, Collection of bribes or gratification and diversion of government property to personal property are most common ways in which civil servants used in defrauding the government. For causes of corruption in Nigeria, Staff negligence and/or negligence of management, Poor Administration, and Poor Salaries and Conditions of Service got the highest votes in that order. It has been opined that the best ways for managing corruption in our various public offices include Periodic inspections by the Auditor-General, Instant dismissal of dubious and suspected corrupt officials will serve as deterrence against future occurrence in addition to internal check and internal audit. All civil servants are culpable to corruption but the most of them all are directors and political appointees. In conclusion, corruption is a menace that is found in all the fabrics of the Nigerian society and the Auditor – General and all his employees should do their work honestly and diligently too now corruption is spreading like wild fire in Nigeria inspite of government stringent policies that have been instituted. In conclusion, since civil servants who are even the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are in support of the fight against it, government should not relent in its fight against corruption as there seems to be light at the end of the tunnel. Hence, this paper recommends the following measures for minimizing corruption in Nigeria: i. Accounting officers/Chief Executive Officers should live above board and avoid creating precedence. ii. All identified fraudulent person should be instantly dismissed and made to face the full wrath of the law. iii. All civil servants and political appointees should declare their assets on assumption of duty. iv. The fight against corruption should commence right from homes and schools. REFERENCES Agbelusi T.O. (1991): Fraud in Banks, Financial Institute Training Center, Lagos. BPP (2008): â€Å"Public Procurement Act 2007 as it Affects Contractors and Consultants† by Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP), Abuja. Bugain J. (1994): â€Å"NGOs and Mobilisation Against Corruption†. A paper Presented at African Leadership Forum’s Seminar held in Benin Republic On the 19-21 September. Dandago K.I. (1997): â€Å"Fraud Detection Control at Local Government Level†, The National Accountant of July and August, 1997. Dangin V.K. Commission (2000): Government White Paper Report on the Variation of Major Contract in Plateau State. Ishola K.A. (1997): â€Å"Bank Frauds; Causes and Control†, the National Accountant July – August, 1997. Jat R. B. (1998): â€Å"An Analysis of Fraud Cases in Nigerian Banking Industry: A Guide to the Bank Auditor†. Study in Auditing. Malick T. (1994):â€Å"Corruption, Democracy Human Right in West Africa† Africa Leadership Forum Seminar, Rep. of Benin (19-21of Sept.) Millichamp A. H. (1990): Auditing, an Instructional Manual for Accounting Accounting Students. Guernsey Press Co. Ltd, Channel Islands. Obasanjo O. (1994): â€Å"Corruption, Democracy, and Human Rights in West Africa† (Journal of the African Leadership Forum): Printers Ltd. Lagos. Osisioma B.C. (1999): â€Å"Corruption and the Manufacturing Sector in Nigeria†. A Paper Presentation on the Occasion of the Annual General Meeting of the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria in September 8th. Osisioma B.C. (2000): â€Å"The Relevance of the Accountant in the Implementation of the Corrupt Practice Miscellaneous Offences Act† The Editor (1999): â€Å"Corruption- why it Flourishes† Midweek Magazine of 20th October. The Editor (1999): â€Å"How Corruption is Killing African Countries†. Daily Times of September, 7. The Ejewere Emmanuel (1999): â€Å"A Strategy for the war Against Corruption and Poverty†, Business Times of September, 6. Research Papers on Corruption in the Nigerian EconomyPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaResearch Process Part OneDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Early Challenges to the System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Early Challenges to the System - Essay Example The inception of humiliation was especially during after the utter defeat of the six-day war that completely disoriented Arab region including even the Egypt1. This even yielded to serious divisions in the region despite generally professing one creed though having other smaller sects among them. Besides the untimely passing on of the region’s informal leader Nasser, the region had serious divisions especially in Lebanon most of them fuelled by divergence in creed and small religious sects. These included Christians and Islamic sects like Shi’ites, and Sunnis, which gave foreign forces continue to divide them further2. Additionally, there were also aspect of conflicting interests characterizing the region’s leaders who due to were they originated emerged with differing voices. This is despite the entire Islamic religion seeing possibility of uniting itself as one religious bloc. However, this could not do manage for individual states prefer local autonomous

Why is language a cultural resource and Should provisions be made for Essay

Why is language a cultural resource and Should provisions be made for the support of lesser used and indigenous languages in th - Essay Example For an ethnic group, it forms part of the way meanings are constructed and contexts are created, facilitating social relations. It is, hence, easy to understand why ethnic groups cling to their languages with such fervor even when living in a foreign society – language is part of their cultural identity. The dynamics of this fact is illustrated in the way bilingualism persists among Americans. Latinos, Asians and other ethnic minorities speak at least two languages. Collectively, they represent a sizable portion of the American population. In education, this issue is important because, until only recently, the erstwhile government policy on language is â€Å"English only.† The government reduced support for bilingual programs in education, effectively reducing bilingual teachers in the process. According to Katz (2004), if this policy will continue, it will seriously affect the chances of the children of the 47 million non-native English speakers today and in the future . Teachers who understand the language requirements of students would be scarce and students study in â€Å"sink-or-swim† mainstream English classes, effectively compromising the attainment of academic proficiency.

Electrical & electronic principles ( lap report ) in transistor Assignment

Electrical & electronic principles ( lap report ) in transistor - Assignment Example Whenever they are, used a small BJTs’ number is integrated inside a high-density chip complimentary. This integration is referred to as the BICMOS especially when BJT is integrated with CMOS. This report explores the bipolar transistors and the characteristics of its DC gain transistor. The word bipolar is used to explain the idea that all holes and electrons take part in the BJT operation. This implies that the minor diffusion carrier plays a key role in a similar way to the PN diode junction. The term junction implies that the PN junction is crucial to the BJTs operation. The BJT could be referred to as the bipolar transistors. It is normally made of emitters that are heavily doped, N-type collector, and P-type base. This implies that the device would be a NPN BJT (Harame, et al. 2005). The transistors with NPN display high transconductance and speed compared to the transistors that are PNP. This is so because the mobility of electrons is increased compared to the mobility of the hole. The junction of a base emitter is a junction in which the electrons are sent towards the more base that is lightly dropped. The electrons diffuse over the base towards the base collector junction that was reverse biased and washed away to the collector. This leads to the production of current referred to as the collector current (IC). IC is normally VCB independent unless VCB is a reversed bias. On the other hand, IC could be found by identifying the rate of injected electrons to the base from the emitter. This is established by the injection electron rate into the base from the injector. Emitters are normally linked to the ground. The curve of IC is always plotted versus VCE. In cases where by VCE is more than o.3v, its value would be equal to VCE= VCB+ VBE. When VCE is less than 0.3V the junction of the base collector is strongly biased forward making the IC to reduce. The IR Parasitic drops are hard to

GPS-GSM based Rail Signaling and Tracking System

GPS-GSM based Rail Signaling and Tracking System Abstract: In this paper, we propose a system for monitoring, tracking, and automating the trains. In contrast to the existing methods, we employ a global position system (GPS) and Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). The messages are sent and each train is individually tracked. We utilize signaling techniques like GPS and GSM, which provide information to the loco pilot proactively. The proposed system has advantages in terms of communication range and accuracy with respect to wi-fi based rail tracking method. The work has potential applications in bad weather and emergency situations like collision. Keywords: Train Tracking, Collision Detection, Collision Avoidance, GPS, GSM, Railway Signaling. I. INTRODUCTION Railway tracking in the countries like United States, Russia, China, and India assumes significant attention. The railways traverse the length and breadth of the country and carry over billions of passengers and million tons of freight daily. In recent years, a hectic problem around the world is regarding traffic densities. This is not uncommon in railway sectors either. We often hear about the word train collision and its huge impact on precious human life and time. With great passion for this issue, the paper proposes the solution for this grave problem. Especially if we consider the case of Indian railway, most of the train tracking is based on manual entry from stations. The railway is always looking for the specific tracking methodologies, which will provide prior state of the train before arriving to the station. The GPS-GSM tracking system overcomes many problems like multiple aspect color light signaling, relay interlocking, and various kinds of block working, point operation and train tracking. The proposed system is applicable for reducing the damages to a greater extent and it is helpful to both railway system and loco pilot. Uvaraja et al. presents advanced pre-warning system (Railways). The proposed system is an upgrade of the existing train protection warning system (TPWS) and Anti-collision device (ACD) systems. The system makes use of radio frequency identification (RFID), FLIR cameras and other embedded systems [3]. Immanuel et al. proposes real time wireless based train tracking, track identification and collision avoidance system for railway sectors [4]. Shaik et al. presents rail tracking system (RTS). For transmission and receiving of the information, GPS is utilized. A message exchange link is given between rail tracking system and control room based on the GPS. The location of the train is tracked using GSM technology herein [7, 8]. K. Vidyasagar et al. proposes signaling based system that utilizes radio frequency and infrared technology for train tracking. This paper utilizes a switching logic methodology, technique to meet the issues of the train tracking method. This work also focuses to map the train on the display screen [6]. The above systems have constraints in real time; most of these constraints can be overcome in the proposed GPS-GSM based technique. The objective of this paper is to monitor, track and automate trains based on GPS-GSM techniques. The subsequent section of this paper is organized as follows: In Section II, we describe the GPS-GSM modules used for tracking purposes. Section III discusses the performance evaluation of the GPS-GSM module for tracking of the train. Section IV concludes the paper and discusses the potential future work. II. GPS-GSM MODULES FOR TRACKING AND SIGNALING The proposed system consists of two parts, tracking and signaling. Both tracking and signaling are carried out with the help of GPS and GSM modules. A. RAILWAY TRACKING USING GPS-GSM TECHNIQUE Our proposed method for tracking and signaling relies greatly on the wireless communication. It uses GPS and GSM for the communication between trains and operation centres. When each train gets their own module, it connects using GPS to obtain their position. The module which is mounted on the train sends the position and train details using GSM technology proactively. This data is received by a central sever, which in turn sends this data to the trains on that track and operation centers. Hence, within the required distance, if any train is traversing in a same track can read this data and can calculate the distance the two trains. Therefore, based on the distance between two trains, the various alarm levels are raised, when the distance is less than predefined threshold. Then, the proposed system (Train mounted Module) starts warning the driver to avoid the collision occurrence. The proposed system responds quickly and avoids the train collisions. The Figure 1 illustrates the flow chart of the GSM-GPS based rail tracking system. The distance between the trains can be calculated using latitude and longitude provided by the GPS module. Haversine formula can be used for this calculation and given in terms of inverse tangent formula to obtain the great circle distance between two locations. The formula for calculation of distance using GPS coordinate s is . Where  signaling terminologies: red signifies stop instantly before entering the next track section occupied by an ahead train; yellow shows move ahead with reasonable speed (45 km/h) as far as the signal. Green signal illustrates that the subsequent track is not occupied and the train may enter that particular section at the maximum possible speed. In heavily rush tracks; two other signal terminologies are also utilized. Two yellow lights show the restricted speed, and one yellow and one green light show the reduced speed. The working of our system is illustrated with an example of two trains A and B. Suppose there are two trains A and B on the same track, As the GPS co-ordinates of the signal post are fixed, we directly encode those positions in the module so that when the train A which is ahead of the train B crosses the signal position and signal is changed to red, the signal which is changed is directly fed into the train B using GSM module and we can show the current signal of the signal post on a screen in the locomotive. In this way it is helpful for loco pilots to observe the signal during bad weather and low visibility conditions. III. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION In this section, experimental setup, hardware details, results and their analysis are provided. A. Experimental Setup Main module used in this work is SIM 908 Module, which has GPS, GSM and GPRS combined and Arduino UNO board. Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on ATmega328 as shown in Figure 3. It has 14 digital input, output pins and 16 Analog pins. It can be communicated to the computer via USB cable. All sensors and communicating devices are connected using microcontroller. SIM908 is integrated with a GSM-GPRS technique that is of high performance and a GPS engine as shown in Figure 4. The GSM-GPRS technique is a quad-band module that works on different frequencies like EGSM 900MHz, PCS 1900MHz, DCS 1800MHz, and GSM 850MHz. SIM908 utilizes GPRS multi-slot class 10 and class 8 and CS-1 to CS-4 coding schemes are employed herein. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 5. Figure  trains are subsequently calculated using GPS coordinates and warning system as shown in Figure 6, 7 and 8. Signaling of the train is also achieved successfully. Real time results of GPS coordinates on the map are shown in Figure 9 which shows the effectiveness of the proposed system. IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK The proposed system provides the promising and reliable output. The tracking system using GPS and GSM modules may enable the rail department to safeguard the human life from accidents. The position and the current status of the signal in the signal post are directly transmitted to the train and can be displayed on the screen. In future this work may be extended for automation and driver-less train using GPS, GSM and GPRS techniques. Real time data of moving trains like speed and current location may be tracked and monitored at the control station. Such real-time information can be utilized for system upgrade so as to avert accidents due to natural calamities such as landslide and cyclone. An additional geographic sensor and interface with geographic information system may be required for the same. Furthermore the analysis of such data is bound to provide us with much deeper insight as to why such accidents take place. Learning from such an analysis can be applied to the system, further improving it over time as their data is collected and studied. REFERENCES [1]. N. V. Chawale, P. J. Kadam, S. N. Khodke, P. L. Thakre P.S. Borkhade, K. A. Dhobale ZigBee and RFID Based Train Tracking System International Journal of Thesis Projects and Dissertations, Vol. 2, Issue 2, PP (1-3), April June 2014. [2]. G. K. Dwivedy performance of new technologies in signalling systems on indian railwaysIRSE, 2012. [3]. S. Uvaraja and R. V. Prashanth Advanced Pre-Warning System (Railways) International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2012. [4]. R.I. Rajkumar, P. E. Sankaranarayanan, and G.Sundari Real Time Wireless based Train Tracking, Track Identification and Collision avoidance System for Railway Sectors International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering Technology (IJARCET) Volume 3, Issue 6, June 2014. [5]. T. Takashige Railway technology today 8 signaling systems for safe railway transport japan railway and transport system 1999. [6]. K.vidyasagar, P.S. babu,R.R.Prasad, Train Tracking and the signaling system using IR and RF technology International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 119 No.23, June 2015. [7]. R. Takagi Synchronisation control of trains on the railway track controlled by the moving block signalling system Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp.130-138, September 2012. [8]. Q. Gu , T. Tang and F. Ma Energy-Efficient Train Tracking Operation Based on Multiple Optimization Models IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 17, Issue 3, pp. 882 892, March 2016

Iago as the Representation of Evil in Shakespeares Othello Essay

Iago as the Representation of Evil in Othello In Shakespeare's, Othello, the reader is presented the classic battle between the deceitful forces of evil and the innocence of good. It is these forces of evil that ultimately lead to the breakdown of Othello, a noble Venetian moor, well known by the people of Venice as an honorable soldier and a worthy leader. Othello's breakdown results in the murder of his wife Desdemona. Desdemona is representative of the good in nature. Good can be defined as forgiving, honest, innocent and unsuspecting. The evil contained within Othello is by no means magical or mythical yet is represented by the character Iago. Iago is cunning, untrustworthy, selfish, and plotting. He uses these traits to his advantage by slowly planning his own triumph while watching the demise of others. It is this that is Iago's motivation. The ultimate defeat of good by the wrath of evil. Not only is it in his own nature of evil that he suceeds but also in the weaknesses of the other characters. Iago uses the weaknesses o f Othello, specifically jealousy and his devotion to things as they seem, to conquer his opposite in Desdemona. From the start of the play, Iago's scheming ability is shown when he convinces Roderigo to tell about Othello and Desdemonda's elopement to Desdemona's father, Brabantio. Confidentially Iago continues his plot successfully, making fools of others, and himself being rewarded. Except Roderigo, no one is aware of Iago's plans. This is because Iago pretends to be an honest man loyal to his superiors. The fact that Othello himself views Iago as trustworthy and honest gives the evil within Iago a perfect unsuspecting victim for his schemes. The opportunity to get to Desdemona through Othello is on... ...96. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957

Do violent media desensitize children

Do violent media desensitizing younger audiences ? In my opinion media shouldn't be held responsible for corrupting the society because there are many other factors which contribute to the corruption of younger kids in a society. Television, Music and video games are held responsible all the time when something goes wrong in a society regarding the kids. Factors like personal issues and lack of understanding and also the miscommunication between kids and the adults are other reasons which add up to the reasons for the â€Å"desensitizing† of younger audiences.Regardless, media does have a negative impact on the society, specially the children ‘s, due to the popularity of media that is presented and promoted in our everyday life's. It allows younger viewers to believe that the media is more genuine than actual reality, therefore creating aggressiveness and attitude changes in youngsters, creating major impacts on the future of the society. There is are two opposite sides arguing against and for † violence in entertainment†. The side which is † for † are the marketers who promote media with violence involved. Consumers enjoy violent forms of entertainment which allows businesses to ascend.Research proves that violence is something expected and sired by the consumers, which allows companies to make more profit. The side that is â€Å"against,† argue that violence corrupts the society because it allows the promotion of violence. Research also proves that media incorporated with violence is associated with aggressive behavior found in children and young adults, aggressive behaviors such as lack of remorse for the consequences, violence against others, show signs of hostility, decreased emotional responses to violence and injury are the reasons why violence in media is arguing against.The violence presented by the media up till now are mostly targeting the younger rowers more than adults. Concern for younger viewers has inc reased significantly over time ever since television came onto the screen until the 1920 ‘s, since it is considered that the first two years of a child's life is important due to it being a very important because their brain is still at the stage of development, but media is introduced to children before they even go to school which affects their ability to learn.The extent of the impact media such as television has on children is outrageous as it has the ability to interfere with their development. These days hillier are not playing, exploring, learning and interacting with their peers instead they are locked up in their homes watching, playing or listening to the media, this discourages children from preventing them from participating in healthy physical and social activities for their development. It is always encouraged for a child to learn to develop social skills and well as to keep fit and healthy but media prevents that.Parents and positive guidance at home can help pr event violence in children from occurring. A home is always the first place a child begins to learn things, if there is no roper and positive guidance at home than children automatically turn out to be ignorant and more dependent on the media, but if they were properly and positively guided at home, children will have the ability to understand the difference between acceptable and unacceptable.There are many ways parents can prevent such catastrophes from occurring in their children. They could monitor the children shows, they could watch the shows with their children so parents will have an idea of what their children watch, parents can Join their children in extracurricular activities; which will help them stay active and involved with their peers. Regrettably violence is a popular form of entertainment, over 60% of the shows on television consists of violence.Research conducted by the Media Awareness Network has shown that kids who consistently watch violent shows, games or other form of media that consists of violence have higher chances of showing signs of aggressiveness and violence as they hit adulthood. Children who are familiarized with the violent acts have increased need for the adrenaline rush they get from watching such acts, and if they do not get the adrenaline rush there are possibilities f them are taking actions in their own hands by partaking in real life violent acts.An example of violent televisions shows corrupting a viewers mind could be the show Jack Ass. There has been reports on how people try imitating stunts that were performed on television in real life, this causes injury and danger to the society. Overall media do have a negative impact on the society. It does have the ability of † desensitizing† young viewers as they continuously watch, play, and hear violence being socially accepted in the society, but it also depends on how the child is being aided at home, a proper and improper guidance at home always initiates wh ether the child is properly taught or not.

This Be The Essay Essays - Literature, Poetry, Poetic Form

This Be The Essay Essays - Literature, Poetry, Poetic Form This Be The Essay This Be The Verse is a rollercoaster of different tones. The general idea behind this poem seems to be to amuse the reader with its simple and obscene language, making it easy to quote the poem. I, however, believe there's a deeper meaning behind the many changes of tone. Therefore, I will show how Philip Larkin constantly changes the tone of This Be The Verse to illustrate the stages of growing up. By going through the three stanzas and its tones I will explain how the tones are connected to life stages. The poem starts off in a harsh tone: They fuck you up, your mum and dad'. With the use of such strong language the reader's attention is instantly grabbed. The sentence is constructed in a simple manner, with only one-syllable words. This and the choice of words let the reader know that the poem they are about to read will be anything but boring. The angry tone of this first stanza represent the teen phase of life, a phase in which many young people find themselves angry very quickly. This is also a time where the typical adolescent will be wanting to break away from the family. This is also a time where the typical adolescent will be wanting to break away from the family. Then the tone changes from harsh to understanding in the second stanza. But they were fucked up in their turn' signals that Larkin no longer blames the parents, but instead the grandparents. What is said is that parents were also damaged by their own parents who spent their time either drunk (soppy-stern') or quarrelling with one another (and half at one another's throats'). This represents a never-ending cycle of kids copying bad behaviors from their parents and passing on their faults in their turn. The understanding tone of this stanza represents going into adulthood, a time where a lot of anger is replaced with understanding. People in midlife often think about the deeper meaning of their lives so they can move on with new understanding. Finally, the last stanza ends in a bitter tone. Man hands on misery to man' is no longer referring to anyone in particular but instead the entire human race. With It deepens like a coastal shelf' Larkin implies that this misery is a problem that will only get worse with the time. The author uses a simile with a coastal shelf': he compares the growing negative influence on younger generations with how a coastal shelf grows deeper in the sea. His ambiguous advice in the next sentence to Get out as early as you can' leaves the reader wondering if they are meant to either cut ties with their parents or get out' by killing themselves. This last stanza and its bitter tone represent the last stage of someone's life and the bitterness that often comes with it. So, the different tones of the three stanzas of this poem are in fact connected to the different stages in one's life. It also aligns up with the messages of each stanza, like the bitterness one would feel at the end of their life in the last stanza.

Drama shows us that those who control language dictate the events of the play Essays

Drama shows us that those who control language dictate the events of the play Essays Drama shows us that those who control language dictate the events of the play Essay Drama shows us that those who control language dictate the events of the play Essay The Tempest written by William Shakespeare and Translations written by Brian Friel both look at how those who control language can dictate events. Despite the disparity of context, both plays share many core themes and explore the importance of language and how it can be used as a means of control. Both plays show linguistic hegemony, and demonstrate how one language can take dominance and displace another and how language can be stigmatised, so that it becomes dirtied and debased. In The Tempest, Calibans original language is belittled to gabble and babble by a Eurocentric Miranda. While in Translations Lanceys snobbish attitude to the townspeople and his use of circumlocutory beaurocratic jargon exposes his personal discomfort at being with foreign civilians. Prospero is in control of language within the Tempest, he is the most educated and he also has magical powers. Throughout the play Prospero uses language to coerce characters to do what he wants; his linguistic and magical aut hority is used to dictate the events of the play. Prospero foregrounds the plays fictionality my charm the magicalism of art, and he becomes almost a scriptwriter within the play by drawing attention to the illusory nature of art. In Translations it is the colonisers who control language, however it is the townspeople who dictate the events of the play. The English use language as an act of cultural and linguistic imperialism, the Irish respond in different ways to the occupation of their homeland. Friel explores the relationship between the colonised and the colonisers; by retaliating the people of Baele Beag reassert control over their own destiny and dictate the events of the play: Hugh and Jimmy Jack use mental power, Manus and the Donnelly Twins choose physical power, whereas Owen and Maire choose reasoning power. Similarly in The Tempest, Shakespeares characters also try to regain control over the events of the play, Ariel uses reasoning power, and Caliban uses physical power and at times mental power. Throughout The Tempest, Prospero appears to be fully in control of the events of the play. He uses language to persuade the audience of this, he refers to his plans as my art and my project. An omniscient Prospero appears to have charted what will happen from the beginning of the play, he is the author of everyones destiny. In Ron Daniels production of The Tempest Prospero is portrayed as an actor-manager rather than a colonialist, so that the play becomes metatheatre. Shakespeares characterisation of Prospero, is of someone with great skill and dexterity when dealing with other characters in the play, Prospero is good at manipulating people to do what he wants, this is analogous to Translations were the English are very good at manipulating the Irish into speaking English. The language Prospero uses with Ariel is very cunning, and their duologues are very contractual. In Act One, Scene Two we see Ariel compose a mini-rebellion against Prospero, albeit a short one, Prospero quickly r eminds Ariel of the cruelty of his former master, Sycorax who had trapped Ariel in a split pine tree. Prosperos proficient use of language is emphasised Thou my slave,/ as thou reportst thyself, was then her servant Prospero uses reason to persuade Ariel that It was mine art which liberated him from the torment/To lay upon the damned. Prospero promotes himself from a coloniser to a liberator and uses linguistic power to convince Ariel. From a dramatic point of view Prosperos understanding of language convinces Ariel to remain loyal. Translations also shows how blurred the line is between coloniser and liberator. Translations is set in the 19th century, however it is very much to do with the situation in Ireland in recent times, throughout the 1980s there were violent clashes between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, British intervention was viewed as liberation by the Northern Irish but as Colonisation by the Republic of Ireland. From a modern perspective, it can be compared with the response to the Iraqi Crisis by the British public, the West has come under allot of crit icism with regard to its true intentions for invading Iraq. Friels characterisation of Hugh and Manus personal relationship can be seen as parallel to the English and Irish political relationship, Manus exploitation by Hugh reflects the political exploitation of the Irish by the English. Like the British, Hugh can be viewed as an autocratic and tyrannous. In addition Hugh also uses language to control events. Hugh is negligent teacher, he refuses to teach Maire to speak English when she asks, he simply ignores her We have been diverted- diverto. Hugh allows his personal feelings towards the English obstruct his students from fulfilling their potential, he prefers to teach them the classical languages of Latin and Greek which Maire informs him is a barrier to modern progress. This view was advocated by Daniel OConnell, whom Hugh ignorantly reduces to a little Kerry politician. Friels characterisation of Hugh of someone who is historically blinkered; he needs Dutch courage and escapism to avoid the truth. The stage directions describe Hugh prod ucing a flask of whisky Hugh then precedes to toss it back, Hugh is intoxicating himself, a parallel might be drawn to Jimmy jack who is similarly intoxicated by the classics. It can be argued therefore that Friel depicts Hugh as using language to confine his students, for language will empower people such as Maire and will give her access to all forms of knowledge. It is notable that Shakespeares depiction of Caliban towards Prospero is completely different. Prospero uses verbal abuse and invectives as form of discipline to reassert his authority, he refers to Caliban as a hag seed, a son of a witch, Prospero also uses his magical language to coerce Caliban Here comes a spirit of his, and to torment me from a dramatic point of view, Caliban is shown as powerless and defenceless in the wrath of Prosperos fury. Prospero uses language to commune with the spirits and he bidem to persecute Caliban, like in Translations language is used to control and penalize. In some productions, Caliban has been interpreted as a representation of the indigenous populations of colonised countries. In Aime Cesaires rewriting of The Tempest Une Tempete, published in 1968 amidst the Black civil rights movement known as the Negritude, we see a different spin on the play. The colonizer and the colonized can be compared to slavery, and the relationship between the slave and the master. Cesaires Prospero is shown as a slave-driving exploiter. Caliban is changed from Shakespeares ignorant savage to a black colonized native whose language and culture have been displaced by Prosperos; Ariel is even played by a mulatto so as to bridge the gap between the two. From a modern post-colonialist perspective, Prospero, the coloniser, sees the importance of language as a device used to control, for if Caliban speaks Prosperos language, effectively Prosperos can shape Caliban. In Translations, the English colonisers also use language as a device control the Irish. The introduction of free education of the English national schools shows the tactics employed by the English to transform Ireland from a predominantly Gaelic-speaking nation to an English-speaking nation. Education and language are used so that Irish history and culture would be written in English, and fundamentally shaped by the British. At the end of the The Tempest Prospero breaks the suspension of disbelief Our revels now are ended he draws attention to the fictional status of the play. Prospero renounces his power, now my charms are all oerthrown. It can be said that Prosperos loss of power empowers the audience, we see a social role reversal and the subversion of social hierarchy, this is a convention of a comedy, it is now Prospero who is confined, indicated by the use of a second person plural, and this confuses the equilibrium. From a narrative point of view the audience as a magician emerges by your spell, this completes the role reversal. In the end it is the audience who dictate the events of the play with the help of your good hands. The fact that Translations expresses Irish characters in the English language shows that translation of some kind is possible, from a modern perspective we see that a hybrid in the used of Hiberno-English this confirms Hughs view We must learn to make them our own.

Old Smoke case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Old Smoke - Case Study Example Medically speaking, smoking is unhealthy. But for those who see smoking as something that is good for them, then stopping them would be otiose. As a matter of fact a Spanish film director named Luis Buà ±uel (1900-1983) called tobacco a loyal friend through fair weather and foul while Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), an Irish poet, playwright and wit, addressed cigarette as an exquisite and perfect type of perfect pleasure. Even though Thomas Edison did not have any smoker employees, in the present era, smoking is something that is included in the choice and freedom of an individual. As long as this freedom does not interfere with other’s freedom, then there should be no problem. In this case, banning of smoking among employees inside their private vehicles in a company’s parking lot is unacceptable in a democratic country. Higher number of subordinates means a more diverse set of personalities and cultures to deal with. Thus, as a part of management team, a supervisor should know how to balance things for the benefit of all of his subordinates and not just for the good of some. It is unethical to put away something that is already embedded in one’s culture if it is not affecting the person’s productivity and the organization’s well-being. Hence, the essentiality of one’s choice/ right and the responsibility attached therein should be made clear to all members of an organization, regardless of rank/ position. In this case, smoking, as a choice and right, has also its corresponding responsibility. An individual may enjoy this right as long as he/ she do not hamper the right of other people. Also, the consequences of a person’s choice should not jeopardize the welfare of the organization where he/she belongs to. Management interventions arise once productivity is being compromised. Thus, in order to prevent conflicts, the management should ensure fairness in creating/ implementing rules and regulations. For

Applying ethics on Amanda Knox's memoir Research Paper

Applying ethics on Amanda Knox's memoir - Research Paper Example So much of the information was left untouched and the investigations were hurriedly handled (Bosman, 2013). The investigation process of the case was harsh and time bound. The criminal backgrounds of Amanda, Guede, Patrick and Raffaele were not traced so that they could be source of the possibility of linking them with the murder charge. As the ethical dispensation of any murder case would have it, the tremor of the link with a murder case would torment the feelings of an innocent person (Bosman, 2013). The implication that the situations could bumper into the person’s mind, and alter the information due to the need to relieve her was never considered. This is one of the instances in the case and the proceedings that justify the case was not fairly and ethically addressed and handled. The investigation of the case In the process of acquiring the data on the purported evidence that linked Amanda and the others to the case of murder, much of the investigative processes and proce dures were left unrevealed. It could be true that Guede was at the scene where the British student was killed. This is because they had planned to meet at the restaurant, and the two had been seen to be in a social affair. However, this could be disputed by noting that being at a murder scene does not officially link one to being a criminal. The police ought to have investigated deeper into the matter, by letting him record a statement about the case and be left to roam. The immediate interdiction of a suspect causes more harm to the person, the reputation earned in years and the tremor causes more psychological arrest within oneself. During the interrogation by the police, she claims that the police made an attempt to convince her to accept the charges, and even beat her at the back of her head (Bosman, 2013). In the investigations, Guede was found to be escaping from the scene, but he got tangible reasons to overturn the perceptive reasoning of the police. Being that he was a blac k man and racism was in the core of every system in Italy, his conscience could not let him stay at the scene of such a prime crime. Philosophically, there are reasons that expose the urgency in the action one does in a criminal case. In a sober mind, none could wait and be lynched by the guilt of being a murder. Moving away from the scene was in a way appropriate for the sense of safety as well as having a direct view of the suspect trying to hide from the authorities. These two factors may determine the Guede’s action to run away. As well, this factor too was not taken into consideration by the investigative officers (Brygel, 2011). During the case hearing, the Judges were found to have refuted part of the evidences provided by the lawyers of the suspects. From the Court of Appeal directions to the judges, it is clear that in the previous court sessions; a lot of evidences were left and were not revealed to the court for they might have changed the profile of the case. Aman da being an American and Guede an Ivorian, it was apparent that the court and the entire prosecution process were predetermined to make the case be of a certain objective. The differences in the ethnicity of the people in a criminal case should not be used to implicate and determine the fate of the suspects and the prosecutors. The justice systems in every country should be based on rational dispensation of the truth behind the