Restorative Justice and the Criminal Justice System Essay

Mennonites and other practitioners in Ontario, Canada, and later in Indiana, experimented with victim offender encounters that led to programs in these communities and later became models for programs throughout the world. Restorative justice theory developed initially from these particular efforts[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. The restorative justice movement originally began as an effort to rethink the needs which crimes create, as well as the roles implicit in crimes. Restorative justice advocates were concerned about needs that were not being met in the usual justice process[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. The criminal justice system’s approach to justice has some important strengths. Yet, there is also a growing acknowledgment of this system’s limits and failures. Victims, offenders, and community members often feel that justice does not adequately meet their needs. Justice professionals, who make up the core components, such as: judges, lawyers, prosecutors, probation and parole officers, and prison staff frequently express a sense of frustration as well. Many feel that the process of justice deepens societal wounds and conflicts rather than contributing to healing or peace[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. Interdisciplinary study and research in public safety and restorative justice is very important. Restorative justice at this day in age will not replace the current court system, but it offers an alternative resolution service for people who want to try another approach. For example, some places are offering mediated victim and offender community conferences. These conferences provide facilitators to help victims and offenders seek reconciliation and resolution. Restorative justice seeks alternatives to continue to put more and more people in jail. Restorative justice seeks sentences that make amends to the victim of crime and to the community as a whole [(Zehr, 2002) ]. Restorative Justice 3 My related feel of study is criminal justice. The criminal justice system is not a perfect system by far. The criminal justice system is concerned about holding offenders accountable, but that means making sure offenders get the punishment they deserve. The restorative justice approach focuses on the harm that has been done to people, individually and as a community. Restorative justice recognizes that crime is wrong and should not occur and also recognizes that after it does, there are dangers and opportunities. Restorative justice has brought an awareness of the limits and negative byproducts of punishment. Beyond that, however, it has argued that punishment is not real accountability. Real accountability involves facing up to what one has done. It means encouraging offenders to understand the impact of their behavior, the harms they have done, and urging them to take steps to put things right as much as possible[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. Restorative justice and the criminal justice system are two systems that have different views. Restorative justice focuses on harm that has been done to people, individually and as a community. It recognizes that crime is wrong and should not occur, and also recognizes that after it does, there are dangers and opportunities[ (Kelly, 2001) ]. The criminal justice system has three core components, police, courts, and corrections. Each core component has a different function in the criminal justice system. The police functions are to enforce specific laws, investigate specific crimes, earch people, vicinities, buildings, arrest or detain people. The police function is primarily a function of cities and states (Overview, 2008). The courts functions are broken down into prosecutors, judges and magistrates. The prosecutors file charges or petitions for adjudication, seek indictments, drop cases and reduce charges. Restorative Justice 4 The judges and magistrates set bail or conditions for release, accept pleas, determine delinquency, dismiss charges, impose sentences, and revoke probation (Overview, 2008). The corrections components are correctional officials and paroling authorities. Correction officials assign to type of correctional facility, award privileges, and punish for disciplinary infractions. The paroling authorities determine date and conditions of parole and revoke parole. Corrections are a primary function of the state and government (Overview, 2008). Throughout the United States the criminal justice system is in a state of crisis. The public is fearful and angry. Practitioners are weary and frustrated. Criminal justice policy is driven more by anecdote than systematic information. Costs of current policies are not sustainable over long periods. Victims are often re-victimized in the process.

Media Deprivation Report

Nghia Le MCOM 1307 Mrs. Krissy Mailman 23 October 2012 Media Deprivation Report I just found out that I am addicted to the Internet and cell phone since I finished the media deprivation challenge. I did not use cell phone, TV, and Internet for a day. No TV is ok with me because I don’t watch TV a lot, but no cell phone and no internet was giving me a hard time. I started the challenge on Sunday, right after I finished all my homework and my exam, because those things really need the Internet to be done.At first I felt kind of weird because I used to connect with my friend by phone or Facebook. For example, I wanted to ask some of my friends to go out to eat, then I had to drive to their houses, knock their doors to ask them out for dinner. It would be much faster if I could use my phone. However, it was fun that I had a chance to see how my friends’ life are going on. We were not used to come home each other for a long time, calling each other to make appointment were a ll we did.In my opinion, technology is great for every one, because make people connect to each other and know information faster and easier. Nowadays, people are familiar with online news, watching news on TV, and connecting to each other by Internet or cell phone. I think that is a great way save time and money. We don’t need to buy newspaper every morning and read, we just only need too open the web browser or turn on the morning news in TV to know all the information that we need for a day.

Cal week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cal week 6 - Essay Example This activity was carried out throughout the week and there was also a discussion of the strengths and limitations of the use of the stakeholder management approach within organizations during the process of strategic management and decision making (Marquardt and Marquardt, 2011, p. 99). There was an assignment on posting a literature review to the discussion relating to the stakeholder management approach. The assignment involved the critical identification of key arguments, new insights of the articles, and the application of the literature review to a personal experience (Pedler, 2011, p. 16). I have learned a number of things from both the readings and the class members. First, I have learned that managers have a complex task of making sure that their actions satisfy all the interest groups of an organization. This has expanded my understanding as to why managers need to avoid being biased in order to avoid conflicts of interests (ONeil and Marsick, 2007, p. 88). Second, I have also learnt that managers are required in an ethical manner in order to achieve fairness in addressing the issue of fairness among different stakeholders. This is because they have the duty of preserving and serving the interests of all the stakeholders of the organization. Third, I have come to appreciate the importance of team work in discussing week modules. I had a number of discussions with class members and this improved my understanding of the module. I have also learned that people have different interpretations of a common literature material. This is because class members would post diff erent ideas on the discussion board. This offered the best opportunity for learning (Kember, 2000, p. 34). The concepts from the classroom have been very helpful during the learning module. I have applied the concepts from classroom lessons to solving real life problems. For instance, the concept of stakeholder management approach can be

STRATEGIC PLAN CRITIQUE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STRATEGIC PLAN CRITIQUE - Essay Example The company’s strategic plan is formulated to address the current threats / issues concerning the industry as well as the company as a whole, such as its weaker presence in the social networking segment, low integration of the wide range of services provided, technical barriers resulting in outdated links, network scams, environmental issues etc. These issues are aptly tackled by the company management by using its internal strengths of manpower, intellectual knowhow and widespread popularity to leverage its brand value and maximize customer satisfaction at the same time working closely with the company’s vision, mission and values. This strategic planning process is vital for all organizations as it helps them in identifying the various threats and opportunities in the industry as well as provides them with adequate data about its internal strengths and weaknesses to address such issues posed by the macro economic environment. This paper discusses the various problems, issues as well as threats concerning the industry as well as the company as a whole and assesses the strategic planning process identified by the management to address those issues. The Pedigree Grooming and Boarding Company based in New Mexico, is dedicated to providing value based services to the dog show competitors. The various issues concerning the company currently, includes the change in ownership, economic distress of the customers, high competition, pricing policies and relative inexperience of the new owner in this field. These problems are intended to be addressed by adopting new pricing policies, expanding its service line, employee development through rigorous training, and setting achievable yet competitive targets. This strategic plan is designed appropriately that seeks to target the most crucial aspects of the business and is in line with the overall goals, vision and mission of the

Compare and contrast the OSHA noise standard and the ACGIH noise Essay

Compare and contrast the OSHA noise standard and the ACGIH noise exposure recommendations - Essay Example That is why every year they developed new research and study to protect the workers towards its environment. Recently, one of the standards that they have developed was the noise standard. OSHA releases the reasons why they believe that workers should be protected from noise. According to them, noise creates a fatal effect to people. Those who are exposed to too much noise results to common hearing impairedness, which is more often ignored because the symptoms occurred in the later stage of the illness. What is distinct about the OSHA noise standard was that it aims to protect the workers from the noise pollution. They provided guidelines on the required â€Å"safe† maximum exposure of a person in a noisy environment. Also, they mentioned that workers should wear ear protective devices that fits the ear perfectly as to no sound shall go in (plain cotton is not advisable). Also, they proposed that industries should provide safety measures on controlling the noise they create especially to industries that are heavy on construction and production. On the other hand, ACGIH proposed the same principle. They also aim to secure and protect the citizens (not only the workers and employees) on controlling the noise pollution that is created everyday. Like OSHA, they also require to regulate noise and encourage the industries to take charge in protecting the ears of their employees. For instance, they require (as noise exposure limit): So technically, both organization aids the sole purpose of noise standard. The difference now lies on how each organization provides a more in-depth assistance in noise safety and health hazard towards the employers. ACGIH have the entire Part 7 for these purpose, entitled, â€Å"Noise, Vibration, Radiation and Temperature†. In this part, it enumerated a concrete provision on noise standards. It included exemption of noise control for workers, also with engineering noise control. They provided a hearing protection and warning signs

Cost Effectiveness for Smoking Cessation Assignment

Cost Effectiveness for Smoking Cessation - Assignment Example This relatively new (it was invented in China, 2003) device fully reproduces the process of smoking. Moreover, it is not harmful and helps to give up a bad habit. Although smoking cessation by means of electronic cigarettes seems to be a good method, a lot of people do not want to try this. It happens because there is a myth that these cigarettes are too expensive and it is better to buy something else in this case. This statement does not face real situation. That is why it is necessary to investigate the cost effectiveness and peculiarities of electronic cigarettes. The research concerning the problem under analysis was conducted by means of the following methods: 1) An anonymous Internet-based and cross-sectional survey. It took place among the first-time purchasers of electronic cigarettes. 2) Interviewing of people who smoke 3) The systematization and analysis of the information received in the process of investigation. 4) Anonymous interrogation. As for the results of my resear ch, there happened to be more men than women in the study. Thus, there were 71.5 percent of men and 28.5 percent of women. The majority of people asked had been smoking for six or even more years. The first group composed approximately 81.1 percent. It should be noted that a lot of people participating in the investigation tried to give up smoking several times (64.7 percent), but nothing helped them and there seemed to be no way out of this situation. Below are the details concerning demographic information, smoking characteristics and reduction of tobacco use after electronic cigarette use. Table 1. Demographic Information Variable N (%) Gender of the participants Male 153 (71.5) Female 61 (28.5) Age of the participants 19-24 41 (19.1) 24-44 114 (53) 45-64 48 (22.2) Over than 65 12 (5.7) Table 2. Smoking Characteristics Variable N (%) Years smoked or smoking history Less than 5 32 (14.8) 5-15 77 (35.5) 16-30 67 (30.9) More than 30 41 (18.8) The number of previous attempts to quit 0 16 (7.8) 1-2 59 (27.3) 3-5 90 (42) More than 5 59 (22.8) Table 3. Cessation or Reduction of Tobacco Use after Electronic Cigarettes use Variable N (%) Reported reducing nicotine use Yes 106 (49.2) No 109 (51) Reduced amount of tobacco cigarettes per day after electronic cigarette use Yes 143 (66.7) No 71 (33.1) Quit or abstained for a period of time Yes 105 (48.9) No 109 (52) It is seen from the tables listed above that more than the half of the participants (about two thirds) noticed positive results after the use of electronic cigarettes. They noted that the desire to smoke was decreased by means of this device. These people started smoking nicotine cigarettes more rarely than usual. Approximately the half of the participants stated that they had given up smoking for a short period of time after buying electronic cigarettes. It should be stressed that more than thirty percent of respondents were not smoking at the six-month point. The relation of electronic cigarettes to six-mon th smoking status is demonstrated in the table below. Table 4. The Relation of Electronic Cigarettes to Six-Month Smoking Status Use Pattern % of not smoking respondents Total. Smoking status at six-month point (n=217) 31 (24.8, 37.3) The number of times applied per day No current electronic cigarette dose (n=98) 26.7 (17.9, 35.7) Less than 5(n=50) 28.0 (15.4, 40.6) 5-10 (n=31) 35.5 (18.3, 52.7) 11-15 (n=16) 31.3 (6.2, 60.4) 16-20 (n=12) 33.2 (6.3, 60.4) More than 20 (n=10) 70.1

'How has the study of literature changed over the last 100 years' Essay

'How has the study of literature changed over the last 100 years' - Essay Example Literature had and always will define the life style of people in any nation at all. It used to be written by people who felt for the society, who wanted to improve the society or define the society’s good points and bad points. They were also the ones understood the need of the society. The people of the societies, usually American, and English in general were the ones who used to like parties, and social dinners. They usually were people who lived in the countryside, were ruled by the kings and queens, fought wars on the horses, were pirates, sailed in ships for long journeys lasting for days, liked romance, long walks on the grass in the evening, horse-riding, playing the piano, writing and reading poetry, and dancing. They were also the people who ballet danced. Quite a handful was able to go to educational institutions – colleges and universities. War was prevalent in most of the countries and continents over the capture of land power and wealth. These wars were fo ught on horse- backs, with swords and spears, and took days and days on end to end. The people who went to war had little or no hope of returning. And the people who stayed back awaited their return without hope. There was no contact or correspondence during that time-frame. People had to wait days for a letter to arrive. And to feel connected many wrote and read literature which described to them, battles and sea, and different places, just so they would feel connected and belonging. All these events gave rise to the fashion of writing and reading literature and poetry, ads the society was taken over by pain, loss, hurt, wait, anticipation , romance, tranquility, so almost of the accounts were written down so people would entertain themselves in time of loneliness and pain. These account of literature and poetry defined it all to them. The lonely housewives and the growing up teenage girls used to read romance novels and it used to help them fantasize about a prince charming that w ould come one day and lift them off their feet and sweep them away with him. The sailors used to study literature on their time away from home so that they didn’t feel the absence of home and their wives. All this was provided to them via literature. With the passage of time the people who went to the universities and colleges discovered new ways of communication. The telephone was discovered and was becoming common-place. People now did not have to wait for days o talk to loved ones. Literature was now only left to describe places and romance and battles. Soon the telephone turned into hand held cell-phones, and alongside, the computer technology came into being. People relied less and less on literature to tell them about battles. The computer became abundant and the people found it easy to what videos from all around the world, instead of reading them from a book. Social parties were growing lesser as the class of rich people started to fall in number and blended into the middle class. People did not go for long wars, too far off places. Wars were also not fought on horse backs and certainly not with any swords and knives, but instead with nuclear numbs. These were, very literally, machines of death. So much so that people did not like to write or read about it. Literature was now only limited to romance. By the turn of the century, electronic media became the soul of the people. Whatever was required was found either on a computer, or on a high-speed internet cable, or in a smart-phone. People who liked to

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Journal - Assignment Example Men will spend most of their time watching sports and playing video games as well as watching violent actions. What they see will make them think that to be a real man you need to be violent and aggressive like the stars they watch in movie actions. Men should know that that is not true because to be successful you don’t have to be powerful and dominating women. Women on the other hand spend most of their time building relationships in the media. They visit social sites in pursuit of relationship which times become more involving than the face-to face meetings. Such a use of media by women should stop because they will make them think that part of their life is looking for men who to depend on. Women should spend most of their time reading on their fields and ways to make money and run a family rather than building relationships on the media. Media personalities in their programs especially commentators use some rather harsh words against women athletes. Like Don Imus refer to women basketball team as â€Å"nappy-headed hoe.† Commentators also focus on physical attractiveness of female athletes like Maria Sharapova. On the other hand they portray men as skillful and talented. Commentators’ should focus only on the skillful and how talented the athletes and should not brought in to athletics the sexual natures of the athletes. They sports like the super sport only bring us and analyze in dept the European leagues and women have very little space. We also see only men rugby on our sports channels and rarely do we see women rugby. This will affirm our cultural believe that because men participate in more physical games like rugby then they are strong. The gatekeepers in the media houses also majority are men and this should be changed to have a 50/50 representation. The gatekeepers are responsible for what we regard as more important. The first news headlines or what is on cover page of the newspapers

Consumer Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumer Behavior - Research Paper Example This paper looks into why the consumers make the purchases that they do through problem recognition and the search for information on that product. It also looks into how the consumer evaluates the alternatives at hand prior to deciding the purchase. After making the purchase, the consumer makes an evaluation of the product by basing their judgment on the satisfaction derived from using that particular product. Consumer behavior is the study of how, where and when a consumer decides to purchase a product, like a consumer deciding on either to buy durable goods or specialty goods. Consumer behaviour can also be defined as the study of internal and external influences that affect consumers in their purchasing decisions (Mooij, 2011). The factors that affect consumer behavior can be divided into external factors and internal factors. Both of which come into play when a consumer is making the decision on whether to buy a product or not. Motivation happens upon a need arousing and the consumer wants to satisfy it. This need drives a consumer to buy the product that will fulfill the desire. If the product satisfies the desire, it may influence the consumer to make a repeat purchase. On the other hand, if it does not meet the need to satisfy the desire, the consumer may try to find a different product that will fulfill the desire (Reynolds & Wells, 1977). This refers to how a consumer collects information and organizes it. It can be determined by the number of times in which the said consumer is exposed to the information or how they interpret it individually. This refers to the overall evaluations that express how much a consumer likes or dislikes a particular product. Consumer attitudes are learned and last over a long period of time and cannot be changed easily They are also referred to as social factors and they include culture, sub-culture, family, social class, past experience, reference groups.

HR Strategic Plan for the company I work for thhe company Essay

HR Strategic Plan for the company I work for thhe company - Essay Example It also set out new strategic directions and an action plan for implementation. A team headed by the Vice President, Human Resource Management has been inaugurated to monitor the implementation of the plan. The consulting firm is expected to evaluate plan implementation quarterly and present a comprehensive report to the Board of Directors, and also prepare and present an annual report at each AGM. JP Lexington was incorporated in the USA in 1978. It is essentially into manufacturing of electric generating sets and water pumping machines but has ventured into production of electrical and electronic accessories of automobiles. The company has its first and biggest plant at Ann Arbor, Michigan and three other plants in Virginia, Texas and Hawaii. JP Lexington has also successfully opened and operated offshore branches in Malaysia, Singapore and China. Its expansion plan included acquisition and partnership with firms in China and India for new or adaptive trademarks. The company’s headquarters in Ann Arbor and regional marketing offices in Brasilia, Brazil (for South America and the Caribbean), Abuja, Nigeria (for Africa), Dubai, UAE (for Middle East), Shanghai, China (for East and Central Asia), Moscow, Russia (for Russia, Caucasia and East Europe) and Amsterdam, the Netherlands (for West and Central Europe and Scandinavia). The company currently has 12,578 salaried employees and over 5,900 casualized employees. The company and its industry-specific, sector-wide and economic environment was x-rayed to identify the following strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which this strategic plan is designed to explore and transform. JP Lexington will in the next 10 years advance to the next level in the use of environmentally-friendly technology. It will continue producing sophisticated version of its old products buts will systematically divert is energy, resources and competencies into

Investigating the strength of Electrolytic solutions Essay Example for Free

Investigating the strength of Electrolytic solutions Essay Table 1 above shows the raw data of experiment I did to test the strength different electrolytic solutions. Moreover, this data table shows that all solutions except tap water and distilled water have the concentration of 0.5 M. In this table, some solutions’ ammeter reading has different uncertainty and multimeter setting. This is because solution like hydrochloric acid has high amp, so I had to set multimeter setting at 300mA in order to measure the ammeter reading of hydrochloric acid accurately. On the other hand, solution like distilled water has extremely low amp, so I had to set multimeter setting at 0. 3mA in order to measure the ammeter reading of distilled water accurately. Hence, varying in uncertainty of reading in each solution because as 1 reading, for example, if measured at setting of 300mA, is 5 amp per reading but if measured at 0.3mA, it is read as 0.005 amp per reading. 2.1. Data Processing Neutral Table 2 is a processed data of experiment on investigation of the strength of different electrolytic solutions. I included average of the data about strength of each electrolytic solution to make the data table clearer. Furthermore, I also included standard deviation of the data, to summarize the spread of values around the mean. Lastly, I added additional information about these solutions, whether if they are acidic, basic or neutral solutions. 3.1 Conclusion and Evaluation 3.1.1. Conclusion: To conclude, the background information that was given to me by the instructor states that stronger acidic or basic solutions are stronger electrolytes than those of weaker acidic, basic or neutral solutions. Referring to Table 2, which is a processed data of acquired data from this experiment, it provides the information of solutions whether if they are acidic, basic or neutral. In addition, it shows that stronger acid and base tend to have higher ammeter reading and weaker acid and base or neutral solutions tend to have lower ammeter reading. For example, hydrochloric acid, which is a strong acid, transferred mean reading of 47amp, whereas acetic acid, which is a weak acid, transferred mean reading of 0.92amp. Therefore, the results I got through experiment yield to the background information given by the instructor. (NakanishMasaki) 3.1.2. Evaluation: Everytime I finished experimenting with one solution three times, I thoroughly washed plastic container and 2 carbon electrodes with tap water, which made direct contact with the solution while testing, and dried them with paper towel. The purpose is to avoid errors in results by preventing mix of preexisting solutions with another kind of solution. Moreover, since the fluctuation of the value that multimeter presented made hard for me to decide what to write as the data, whenever I fully connect complete electrical circuit, I waited for 15 seconds for the fluctuations to ease down. Finally, when I was performing experiment on calcium hydroxide (Picture 1), I mixed it by stirring with the glass pipe in order to uniformly spread the substance that was deposited on the bottom of the solution, so I can get uniformly mixed calcium hydroxide. I did my best to cover up the weaknesses of lab equipment, but there still are some weaknesses still which were present throughout the lab, and it might have varied the data I collected. First of all, in order to follow the written instruction from the instruction sheets given, I had to wash equipments that made direct contact with the solution everytime I’m changing the solution that I will perform experiment upon with distilled water, but due to the lack of distilled water, I washed them with tap water instead. Second of all, I am not sure if 15 seconds were enough time for the fluctuations of the value to settle, or maybe it was too much time. Last of all, whenever I finish mixing the calcium hydroxide, I have to transfer the solution to the smaller beaker for measurement, but it takes time to do that and the substance might have been settled down within the calcium hydroxide solution. Therefore, there were some errors that prevented me from collecting the best results. Improvements can be made by providing each candidate, like me, with better lab equipments such as more advanced multimeter. Also, enough distilled water so I can wash equipments with it to follow the original instructions given. Works Cited 1. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/bases.html 2. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac60144a032 3. http://goto.glocalnet.net/ibweb/homepagelink.htm

Theories of Keynesian Economics

Theories of Keynesian Economics Origin Keynesian economic is a macroeconomic model that used to identify the equilibrium level, and examine disruptions, total production and income. Equilibrium is when total production and income intersect with the total expenditures. The Keynesian model has three basic variations designated by several macroeconomic sectors such as two-sector, three-sector, and four-sector. Keynesian model also frequently presented in the form of injections and leakages in addition to the standard total expenditures format. Keynesian model used to study some important topics and issues such as multipliers, business cycle, fiscal policy, and monetary policy. Keynesian model normally presented as the Keynesian cross-intersection between the total expenditures line and 45 degree line. The theory was the standard macroeconomics analysis since the Great Depression of early 1980s and throughout the mid-1900s. The theory still counting to provide important insight into the working of the macroeconomic despite cross-intersection was largely substituted by total market analysis which is measured by aggregate supply and aggregate demand. Keynesian economics is established by John Maynard Keynes. The theory believe that total demand take an important role in business-cycle instability and recessions. Keynesian economics points to unrestricted government policies, especially fiscal policy as the key of stabilizing business cycle. There are some basic principles of Keynesian economics such as the General Theory of Employment, Money and Interest in Keynes’ book, published in 1936. These principles has launched the modern study of macroeconomics and worked as a conductor for macroeconomic theory and macroeconomic policies for few decades. Assumptions There are three key assumptions of Keynesian economics. First assumption if rigid prices. Keynesian economics assumes that prices is inflexible, especially in the downward direction which can stop markets to reach equilibrium. Next assumption is effective demand. Keynesian economics is according to concept of effective demand, the principle of consumption expenditures are due to disposable income that available from the household sector instead of income that available at full employment. Lastly is saving and investment determinants. Keynesian economics also believes that interest rate would affected saving and investment. In addition, household saving is depend on household income and business investment is depend on the expected profitability of production. Highlights Macroeconomic is a separate entity operating by its own principles and the standard of microeconomic market principles do not necessarily apply. Changes in total demand is the primary source that causes business-cycle instability. Markets do not reach equilibrium automatically, so full employment is not guaranteed. Persistent unemployment problems, including those taking place during the Great Depression, result due to lack of total demand. The method to sustain full employment is through government intervention, for example, government apply fiscal policy to changes government spending. Four Macroeconomic Sectors The foundation of the Keynesian model is built by the four macroeconomic sector including household, business, government, and foreign on their expenditures for total production. The four sectors are household, firms, government and foreign. Household sector refer to everyone in the economy; consumption expenditure refer to their expenses on production used for satisfaction. Business sector refer to firms that produce output; investment expenditures refer to their expenses on capital goods. Government sector refer to federal, state, and local government; government purchases refer to their expenses on production used to offer government services. Foreign sector refer to all households, businesses, and government beyond the political boundaries of the domestic economy; net exports refer to their expenditure contribution. Keynesian Equilibrium Like most economic models, Keynesian model is mainly focus on equilibrium. In general, equilibrium is when the balance between opposing forces which remains unchanged as long as another force interferes. Equilibrium is when demand meet supply in the market. Demand force is consumers who normally looking for low price and supply force is sellers who normally demand high price. In the macroeconomic, equilibrium is a balance between total expenditures and total production. There are particulars of equilibrium in the Keynesian model. Firstly, Keynesian equilibrium is a balance between total expenditures and total production. Total expenditures are the sum of expenditure on all four macroeconomic sectors. Total production is the sum of market value of all final goods and services. Secondly, the adjustment tool that reaches or maintains equilibrium is total production. If total expenditures are different to total production, then total production should make changes to meet balance. On the other hand, the adjustment tool for the total market model is the price level. If total demand is different to total supply in the market, then the price level should increase or decrease to meet balance. However, price level is an external force in Keynesian model. Thirdly, Keynesian equilibrium is only a balance between total expenditures and total production. Other aggregate markets like resource markets does not need to be in equilibrium. Shortage and surpluses can exist and always in resource markets. Therefore, full employment is not reach automatically with Keynesian equilibrium. Three Variations The Keynesian model has three common variations, each variations established on a different combination of the four macroeconomic sectors. Two sector model is the simplest Keynesian model which only refer to the household and business sectors, also called as the private sector. This variation is often used to demonstrate the basic operation of the model, including changes for equilibrium and the multiplier process. Two sector model gains the role of encouraged expenditures by household consumption and the role of self-directed expenditures by business investment. Three sector model probably is the most generally analysed variation of the Keynesian model. This variation adds the government sector into the household and business sectors. This variation is used to examine government stabilization policies, especially how fiscal policy apply in government purchases and taxes that could close the gaps of recessionary and inflationary. Four sector model consists of all four macroeconomic sectors such as household, business, government, and foreign. Interaction between domestic economy and the foreign sector often used to capture by four sector model, and also offers basis for detailed, empirically estimated models of the macroeconomics. The Multiplier An important moment of analysis carry out using Keynesian model is the multiplier. Cumulatively reinforcing encouraged interaction between consumption and production that increases self-directed expenditure changes, investment, government spending, and exports is basic of Keynesian multiplier. The core of the multiplier is that pretty small changes in independent expenditures cause fairly large overall changes in total production and income. The resulting changes in total production are typically a â€Å"multiple† of the first expenditure changes, hence the term â€Å"multiplier.† To understand how the multiplier procedure, reflect the Keynesian cross equilibrium presented. At total production of $12 trillion, total expenditures line (AE) intersects with the 45 degree line (Y=AE). This production level would change if the total expenditures line shifts. The subsequent multiplier is due to marginal propensity to consume. Increases in government purchases would increases production and income, which then encourages increase in consumption based on marginal propensity to consume. Increase in consumption would cause further changes in production and income, which then brings more impacts in consumption. Thus, a larger multiplier is based on larger marginal propensity to consume.

Diabetes Education: The Increase In Diabetes

Diabetes Education: The Increase In Diabetes Diabetes is becoming a worldwide epidemic. It is one of the biggest health challenges that the United Kingdom (UK) is facing today with one person being diagnosed with diabetes every 3 minutes (Diabetes UK, 2009). The latest data indicates that there are now 2.8 million of people with diabetes in UK and nine out of ten people diagnosed with diabetes are Type 2 diabetes (2.5 millions). According to health experts, UK is now facing a huge public health problem and the figure is set to rise to four million by the year 2025. (Diabetes UK, 2010). The alarming increase in diabetes prevalence is a great cause of concern and has a devastating economic effect. Recent estimate shows that 10% of National Health System (NHS) spending equivalent to 9 billion pounds a year, 1 million pounds per hour goes on diabetes (Diabetes UK, 2008). The direct and indirect cost to the NHS of caring for people with Type 2 diabetes and its complications are staggering and will continue to rise with the increasing incidence of the disease. As a result of this health crisis and significant financial burden, the NHS needs to respond to this massive strain by looking at more effective and efficient ways of providing diabetes care. It is therefore of primary importance for our local primary care diabetes services to identify ways to deliver an effective quality care for people with diabetes to counter this worrying trend. 1.1 Diabetes Education Diabetes education has been considered as one of the key components of diabetes care since the 1930s and has been increasingly recognised as an integral part of the disease (Atak Arslan, 2005). Nicolucci et al (1996) demonstrated that people who have never received diabetes education had a striking fourfold increased risks of developing major diabetes complications. Furthermore, the study done by Rickiem et al (2002), showed that diabetes education has an overall positive effect on the health and psychosocial outcome. It helps to improve patients skills and knowledge on the condition and enables beneficial change in the behaviour. Diabetes education has a profound effect on glycemic control, quality of life and treatment satisfaction (clinical governance support team, 2004). Stratton et al (2000) suggested that improving Hba1c by just 1% through diabetes education can significantly reduce risk of complications. In view of all the evidence, the importance of diabetes education has been highlighted and well advocated by the National Service Framework (NSF) and National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2003) . The NSF emphasizes that diabetes education should be made available from the point of diagnosis onwards and proposes that education should involve a structured program for people who have been newly diagnosed. This has been encouraged by NICE which recommends that all patients received structured education at initial diagnosis and then on a regular basis according to need (NICE, 2003). However there is insufficient evidence currently available to recommend a specific type of education or provide guidance on the setting for, or frequency of, sessions. In this context, how best to provide structured education to people with diabetes is an important question. NICE acknowledge the limited evidence to suggest which approach is most appropriate and state that to achieve maximum effectiveness, some principle of good practice should be in place(NICE, 2003). According to NICE criteria, diabetes education should reflect the principle of adult learning, provided by trained educators including a DSN or practice nurse with diabetes experience, and a dietitian, use a variety of techniques to promote active learning, be accessible to the broadest range of people taking into account their ethnicity, culture and beliefs. 1.2 Aim of Diabetes Education The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2003) states that the aim of education for people with diabetes is: To improve their knowledge and skills, enabling them to take control of their own condition and to integrate self-management into their daily lives. Diabetes education should allow people to engage in their own health to put what theyve learned into action. Traditional health education can give them the information they need but the learning experience may not engage and empower them to use what theyve learned in their daily lives. Education was focused on passive didactic format where patients do not interact with the educator and generally use a lecture or print format (Norris et al, 2001). Middleton et al (2006) found that its purpose was often unclear to both patients and health care professionals. The old model of education is outmoded and ineffective (Skinner et al, 2007). Education has now moved towards a collaborative format where patient actively participate in the learning process through small group discussion, role playing and other interactive techniques (Norris et al, 2001). 1.3 Patient Centered Approach and Empowerment The National Service Framework for diabetes (DoH, 2001) standard 3 states that all people with diabetes will: Receive a service which encourages partnership in decision-making, supports them in managing their diabetes and helps them to adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle. The purpose of diabetes education is clear. It should empower people with diabetes to make informed choices about their condition (Funnel and Anderson, 2003). Anderson et al (1991) at the Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center (MDRTC) introduced empowerment into patient education in diabetes at the beginning of the 1990s in the US. They implemented empowerment group education programmes in diabetes (empowerment programme) and evaluated their programme. An improvement in self-efficacy and glycaemic control was reported among the patients who had participated in the programme compared to those in the wait-listed control group. Following the valuation of patient educational interventions for people with type 2 diabetes during the 21st century, Deakin et al (2006) showed that there is a trend to actively involve patients in their care in accordance with the empowerment philosophy. The investigator compared group education programmes with routine diabetes care and found that group-based programmes involving patient empowerment has positive effect on biomedical and psychological out come. The concept of empowerment requires an initial understanding of what the treatment pathway is trying to achieve and is continual information sharing process encompassing learning and behaviour change which aims to allow the patient to take responsibility for their own condition. (Meetoo and Gopaul, 2004) For empowerment to be effective it is important for patients to have the appropriate information to enable them to make informed choices, if they have the capability and desire to do so. They need to be able to agree plans and set goals with the support of the care team. To do so, it is important for them to understand their disease.The NSF set to ensure that people with diabetes are empowered to enhance their personal control on a day to day management of the condition. Implications for service planning were highlighted detailing how NHS will need to develop, review and audit education program to empower people with diabetes, (DoH, 2001) People are more likely to make behavioural changes if they are facilitated through patient centered care rather than imposed by care based on the medical model of delivery (DoH, 2001a).The philosophy of practice which support patient centered approached for diabetes education is well documented in chapter 3 of the DoH publication structured patient education in diabetes: report from the patient education working group (DoH, 2005). Specific strategies that grew out of the patient centered model included the following: affirming that the person with diabetes is responsible for and in control of the daily self-management of diabetes; educating patients to promote informed decision making rather than adherence/compliance; learning to set behavioural goals so that patients can make changes of their own choosing; integrating clinical, psychosocial, and behavioural aspects of diabetes self-management; affirming the participants as experts on their own learning needs; affirming the ability of participants to determine an approach to diabetes self-management that will work for them; affirming the innate capacity of patients to identify and learn to solve their own problems; respecting cultural, ethnic, and religious beliefs of the target population; creating opportunities for social support; and Providing ongoing self-management support. Overall the diabetes education must provide knowledge and skills, be tailored to the needs of the individual and include skills-based approaches to education. It should support people with diabetes to adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle, prevent and manage diabetes related complications that will result in improved quality of life and self-management. Healthcare professionals are encouraged to work in partnerships in the decision-making process to support the individual to manage his or her condition. 1.4 Effectiveness of Diabetes Group Education The manner in which education is delivered can be the subject of much debate. Education can be delivered in a one to one session or in group settings. Diabetes group education has been seen as an effective intervention since 1970 (Mensing, 2003). Traditionally, it was more of a medical model where patients handed their medical problem for the doctors to cure. They are told what to do and expecting good results (Calabretta, 2002). As the process of group education has evolved over time, diabetes education has changed from a medical didactic presentation to more of theoretical, patient centered and empowerment model. Diabetes group education is now seen as a first line approach to improve diabetes outcome. With the increase in number of people diagnosed with diabetes, more education is being delivered now in groups as compared to the past. The environment should support and reinforce self management and patients and their health care should work in collaborative way. Self management can only be successful in a well organised and coordinated diabetes service where patients are supported to make informed choices (Norris et al, 2001). Several reviews and meta- analyses provide valuable information on the effectiveness of group education. Mullen et al( 1985) found that patient knowledge about their medication significantly improved in group education, one to one counselling , written and other audiovisual material. Norris et al (2002) suggest that the literature in diabetes education is divided although there may be more positive effect on group education as compared to the individual one. Deakin et al(2006) showed that there is some evidence to support group-based diabetes self-management education as an effective way to improve knowledge and glycemic control and to reduce BP, body mass index (BMI), and the need for diabetes medication. However, a number of issues arise when reviewing the literature on the relative effectiveness of group education compared to individual ones. Some researchers make comparison difficult by focusing on different outcome rather than the delivery format whereas others compare it with usual program without considering the relative effectiveness (Mensing,2003). Wilson (1997) noted that it is not easy to figure out whether the outcome is from an educational approach based on a specific theory or from intervention applied to a specific setting and population. Given these issues and limitation, it is difficult to draw conclusion about group effectiveness. More evaluation research must be done in this field to answer these questions. NICE (2003) has highlighted the effectiveness of group education sessions .For healthcare professionals, group sessions are considered as the most cost-effective way of delivering education. In the present financial climate, and with the increase in the numbers of people with newly diagnosed diabetes, it could be argued that group education is the only way forward if healthcare professionals are to be able to provide education for the majority of people with diabetes. A group approach to patient education makes sense from what we already know about the positive effects of peer support and the inadequacies of the brief medical appointment. The potential benefit of an effective group education programme for people with type 2 diabetes is to enhance skill and knowledge, to make positive behavioural changes for better metabolic outcome, psychological outcome and improve quality of life. 1.5 The Two National Programs for people with type 2 Diabetes : XPERT AND DESMOND Most people diagnosed with diabetes are offered some sort of education, at least when they are diagnosed (NICE, 2008). However, there is still much debate over the educa ­tional approach that is most effective in delivering such crucial health information in a way that leads to measurable changes in patient behaviour and improved clinical outcomes. The two national group education programs available for adults with type 2 diabetes are (DESMOND) and X-PERT program. Both are patient centered, meet the NICE key criteria, flexible in their content and adaptable to patients educational and cultural background. However, the two structured group varies in their cost implication and duration of the program. Depending upon primary care trust funding funding, avaibility of health care professionals and what best suits patients, either DESMOND or X_PERT are chosen to be delivered by the primary care trust. 1.51 XPERT DIABETES PROGRAM The X-PERT diabetes programme is a six-week professionally-led programme based on the theories of patient empowerment and patient activation. The X-PERT course is designed to be delivered to anyone diagnosed with diabetes It aims to increase knowledge, skills and confidence leading to informed decisions regarding diabetes self-management (Deakin Whitham,2010). Participation in the X-PERT Programme by adults with type 2 diabetes has been shown at 14 months to have led to improved glycaemic control, reduced total cholesterol level, improved body mass index and waist circumference, reduced requirement for diabetes medication, increased consumption of fruit and vegetables, increased enjoyment of food, and improved knowledge of diabetes, self-empowerment, self-management skills and treatment satisfaction (Deakin et al, 2006). Contents of the X-PERT Diabetes Programme include: What is diabetes? The eatwell plate and energy balance. Carbohydrate awareness and glycaemic index. The benefits of physical activity. Supermarket tour and understanding food labels. Possible complications of diabetes and their prevention. Lifestyle experiment. Are you an X-PERT? Game. Care Planning: the lifestyle experiment. There is a one off cost to run X-PERT and this is approximated to  £1400. 1.52 DESMOND The DESMOND programme was launched in 2004, and is currently the most familiar education programme provided in the UK. It was developed as a collaborative project involving a multidisciplinary, multicentre collaborative team which agreed upon a core set of philosophical principles to the use of informed choice as the key to empowerment. They drew the program on three theoretical approaches: the common-sense model of illness, social learning theory, and use of a discovery learning process (DESMOND, 2004). DESMOND aims to educate patients about type 2 diabetes. It provides resources for them to manage their disease, and offer a group-based opportunity to meet and share experiences with others in the same situation .The DESMOND programme is facilitated by two health care professionals who have been formally trained. The course is usually delivered for 6 hours and is based on a formal curriculum. It is offered either as a 1-day or 2 half-day sessions and accommodates 6-10 patients in one group. DESMOND helps to promote the understanding of type 2 diabetes, allowing the patients to be more knowledgeable about the condition and what can benefit their long-term health. It encourages patient to work together with the health care professionals to take an active role in the management of their type 2 diabetes. It helps patients to see their illness in a well define way which drives them for positive changes. The program content includes: Thoughts and feelings of the patients around their condition. Understanding diabetes and glucose: what actually happens in the body. Understanding the risk factors and complications associated with diabetes. Understanding monitoring and medications. How to take control: Food Choices and Physical Activity. Future care plan. DESMOND was piloted in 15 English PCTs between January and May 2004 (Skinner, 2006). Initial abstracts of preliminary research findings were presented at the Diabetes UK annual conference in 2005. Pilot data indicated the DESMOND course for newly diagnosed individuals changed important illness beliefs. At three month follow-up there was a reported improvement in quality of life and metabolic control. DESMOND was revised following feedback from all involved parties. A larger randomised controlled trial was conducted involving 824 adult patients in 207 general practices in 13 primary care sites in the United Kingdom. The results showed that compared to patients who did not undergo the DESMOND programme there were greater improvements in weight loss and smoking cessation and positive improvements in beliefs about illness but there were no differences in haemoglobin A1C levels up to 12 months after diagnosis (Davies et al,2008). The author feels that it is difficult to compare DESMOND to X-PERT because of the different populations (newly diagnosed diabetes compared with established diabetes) and because the study concerned multiple sites and educators. In response to the Hba1c the author commented that it is usual for noticeable reductions to occur in levels shortly after diagnosis and in terms of showing a difference in levels between groups, patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes may be the most difficult in which to demonstrate this(Davie s et al,2008). To investigate this further, a follow-up was carried out three years later. 743 participants were eligible for follow-up at 3years. Biomedical data were collected from 604 (81.3%) and questionnaire data from 536. Those followed up were older, had a higher BMI , higher waist circumference and higher depression score than those who were not. The result indicates a lack of difference in biomedical and lifestyle measure but the author reckoned that this is not unexpected as drift towards pre intervention values is commonly observed (Khunki et al, 2010) . However accumulated effects, which were not significant individually, did manifest themselves as a difference in UKPDS score. The differences in illness belief scores show that attending DESMOND results in positive changes in understanding of diabetes, which are sustained at 3 years.Therefore attending a single course at diagnosis is beneficial, but patients need to continue receiving ongoing support to help them to manage their diabetes. The study done on cost effectiveness for DESMOND found that per patient cost of providing the DESMOND Newly Diagnosed or Foundation programme compares very favourably to the provision of oral glycaemic agents(Gillet et al, 2010). The therapeutic benefit of the DESMOND structured education programme is effective as a once-off intervention to help lower biomedical markers as well as having a positive impact on peoples health beliefs and health outcomes (Gillet et al, 2010). Although it is likely that the one off DESMOND intervention is cost effective, it must be noted that the DESMOND programme was never intended as a one off intervention. Moreover, in the real world, costs of delivering the DESMOND programme are likely to vary considerably across primary care trusts. The main variables affecting the cost are the number of educators trained, the grade of healthcare professional delivering courses, venue cost, ratio of demand to head of population (including participation rate), number of patients per course, and overhead rates. It hopes to promote understanding of type 2 diabetes, allowing patients to be more knowledgeable about what will positively benefit their long-term health as they live with the condition. 1.6 Diabetes Conversation Map: Recently, healthy interaction in collaboration with Diabetes UK, sponsored by Lilly company, has introduced Diabetes Conversation Maps in UK. Diabetes Conversation Maps was created in 2005 in Canada and since then over 60% of diabetes educators has been trained for the program. It was next launched in America in 2006 and now over 20,000 health professionals have been trained. Diabetes Conversation Map serves as a facilitation tool to engage individuals in conversations around their condition and usually last for 2 hours. (Healthyi, 2005) Diabetes Conversation Map is an educational tool which has transformed healthcare education throughout the world by engaging people in meaningful conversations about their health(Healthyi, 2005). The American Diabetes Association (ADA) believes that it is one of the most important innovation in a decade. Conversation Mapà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ education tools have been developed by Healthy Interactions. They are built on the philosophy that people respond better when they are engaged, empowered, and draws their own conclusions as to why they need to change behaviours (ADA, 2006). In this way, that will be an impact on their overall health as opposed to didactic interventions where patients are told what to do by a healthcare professional. The Diabetes Conversation Map methodology creates an experience whereby patients develop their own self-management solution that accounts for their individual challenges and situation. The patients, in turn, then own the solution because it is theirs. They are subsequently much more likely to embrace and implement the change needed to improve their condition The main philosophy is that people will act on their own conclusions by engaging themselves in an experience(Healthyi, 2005). It allows them to explore health facts through dialogue and enable decision making. Conversation map shapes the way in which people are motivated for positive behavioural change. The 6 components of the map are map visuals, facts, questions, group interaction, facilitator and action plan. The program is delivered to a small group of 3-10. It facilitates discussion, not lectures and must be delivered by trained health professionals. It benefits the patients as people are visual learners and like exploring and discovering their own answers. The map is fun and provides a process that patient use to internalise and personalise health information. For educators, it is simple to use, portable and non technology dependent. The program content includes basic facts about diabetes, healthy eating, self-monitoring of blood glucose, diabetes complications, and gestational diabetes The evaluation done in Enfield showed that Diabetes Conversation Map offers several advantages (Monk, 2009). First and foremost, it enables better use of staff time as it requires one member of the healthcare team to facilitate the session, allowing more time for direct patient contact. In terms of financial implication, to run the education program, cost is very minimal. Hand-outs are provided for free from Diabetes Uk and Lilly company which can be photocopied. Although the non-attendance rate remains high in enfield, it was observed that the number of patients attending Conversation Map is better and most patient who come to the first session the other sessions. It is reported that patient get to know each other during the program which help to break down barriers and improve group dynamics (Monk , 2009). Overall, the evaluations done in Enfield area have been positive. However, the result could have been influenced by the fact that the evaluations were completed at the end of the session and handed to the facilitator. In April 2008 a survey was done to assess the effectiveness of the Diabetes Conversation Map training sessions and initial impact on diabetes self-management education (Grenci, 2010). The survey results indicated that sixty-five percent of diabetes educators attribute improved patient self-management to the Diabetes Conversation Map tools. Eighty percent of healthcare professionals say that the tools make group facilitation more interactive and engaging. More than sixty percent say that there was an increase in patient interest in diabetes education and it boosts their willingness to learn. When asked about the most effective method in helping patients to adopt positive behaviours and achieve good outcomes, forty percent of the diabetes educators believe that Diabetes Conversation Map session is most effective. Only twelve percent report that the traditional education means as effective in this survey. Ninety percent of those who have had firsthand experience with the tools suggest that they would recommend them to their peers (Grenci,2010). In terms of metabolic outcome such as Hba1c, cholesterol, blood pressure, weight and patient satisfaction, so far there is no data available. However there will be an upcoming clinical trial called Interactive Dialogue to Educate and Activate (IDEA), which is sponsored by Merck, to identify outcomes using three separate treatment arms:, patients using the Conversation Map tools, patients using individual intervention without using the Conversation Map tools, patients using no formal diabetes education but the data will only be available in five years time. The data will be gathered on an annual basis over the duration of five years and the study will look into metabolic outcomes (A1C, blood pressure, cholesterol, weight) as well as patient and educator satisfaction, knowledge retention and several other behavioural markers of success(Merck , 2009). Nevertheless, the group-based IDEA education method using the Conversation Map approach was executed as planned and showed promise to improve diabetes self-management behaviours. Clinical and behavioural outcome data are necessary and will be forthcoming. 1.7 Current Diabetes Group Education Program in NHS Bromley To fulfil the NICE criteria and provide a quality diabetes care, the NHS Bromley chose to deliver DESMOND education program for all patients who are newly diagnosed patients. DESMOND has been ongoing for the past four years but the cost implication to deliver DESMOND is  £5000 per year plus ongoing  £5/person for the resources. With a diabetes population of 13,000 and about 10-15 referrals received on a weekly basis for DESMOND, NHS Bromley is striving towards an enhanced Diabetes Service to meet the increased demands and to curb the economic burden. In view of the strong positive feedback from diabetes educators in the US, the short duration of the program and the cost, NHS Bromley feel that Diabetes Conversation Map may be an alternative that could be used. As there is a lack of data for metabolic outcome and patient satisfaction, this study will be undertaken to evaluate which group education is more effective to be delivered at NHS Bromley. 2.0 Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of DESMOND Group education program versus Diabetes Conversation Map group education program for people who are newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at NHS Bromley. It is a requirement of the NSF for diabetes that education is available to everybody with type 2 diabetes. At present, DESMOND is the most widely used programme available in the community setting, however this may not meet the needs of every local population. The Conversation Map tools may be an alternative or additional tool that could be used. In Enfield these have been used with success. The author is aware of work that has been ongoing to ensure that this method of education is fully compliant with the NICE criteria and is keen to implement this as soon as it is available. 2.1 Objectives: To measure patient biomedical outcome before and 3 months after the delivery of both group educations To assess patient satisfaction before and after the delivery of both group educations. 2.2 Hypothesis: DESMOND and Diabetes Conversation Group Education will have different biomedical outcome DESMOND and Diabetes Conversation Group education will have different patient satisfaction and quality of life outcome. 2.3 Study Design: Questionnaire Survey involving both quantitative and qualitative design analysis.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Anti-Feminist Beliefs in Millers Tale and

Anti-Feminist Beliefs in The Miller's Tale and The Wife of Bath's Tale    The Miller's Tale and The Wife of Bath's Tale feature two characters that, though they may appear to be different, are actually very similar. They both seem to confirm the anti-feminine beliefs that existed at the time Chaucer wrote his Canterbury Tales. However, they go about it in different ways. Alison, the woman in The Miller's Tale, tries to hide the fact that she has a passion for men other than her husband, and keep her position as an upstanding citizen intact. The Wife of Bath, meanwhile, has no qualms about displaying herself as she really is. She is not ashamed of the fact she has married five times, and is about to marry again. She hides nothing. While Alison differs from the Wife of Bath in appearance and the way she conducts herself in public, inside they are more alike than Alison would probably care to admit. At the beginning of The Miller's Tale, there is a rather lengthy description of Alison's appearance. She looks beautiful from the outside, true, but throughout the description, Chaucer drops little hints that things are not always what they seem. At the very beginning of his description, he compares her body to that of a weasel's ["Fair was this younge wif, and therwithal As any wesele hir body gent and smal." (Miller 103)], and, since a weasel is not one of the more favorable animals to be compared with, he immediately, albeit subtlely, implies that Alison is not as decent as she would have people believe. Chaucer continues in his ostensibly favorable description of Alison, but concludes the paragraph by implying that Alison would have little qualms about sleeping with a man other than her husband ["She was a primerole, a pigge... ...Miller's Tale, it is uncertain whether the Wife of Bath would applaud the fact that Alison got herself out of a jam, or would chide Alison for hiding her true colors. What is certain, though, is that Alison and the Wife of Bath are really two very similar characters. They just have different ways of expressing their similarity.    Works Cited and Consulted Chaucer, Geoffrey. "The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale," The Riverside Chaucer. Gen. Ed. Larry D. Benson. Third Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. 105-22. Evans, Joan. The Flowing Middle Ages. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1966. Hallida, I.E. Chaucer and His World. New York: Viking Press, 1968. Fuller, Maurice. Chaucer and His England. Williamstown: Corner House Publishers, 1976. Williams, David. The Canterbury Tales, A Literary Pilgrimage. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987.

The Ideology of Scientology and Kabbala :: Religion Scientology Kabbala Religious Essays

The Ideology of Scientology and Kabbala A leader of the Church of Scientology, L. Ron Hubbard, once wrote, â€Å"A culture is only as great as its dreams, and its dreams are dreamed by artists (3).† Alternative religions have had a dramatic impact on today’s culture. In the past few years, Hollywood has become â€Å"the cast of religious fads (2).† Many famous people such as Madonna, Roseanne, and Courtney Love have become products of the alternative religion, Kabbalahism. Others like John Travolta and Tom Cruise are well known, devote Scientologists. These two religions, Kabbalahism and Scientology have been the leading alternative religions and the cultural phenomenon of the 90’s. Our culture, Hollywood especially, has seen the biggest impact of this new phenomenon through the media. Christianity has very defined principles. They believe in one god who is an all knowing, all loving, all forgiving, and perfect being. Jesus sacrificed his life on the cross for our sins. They believe we must live our lives striving to be Christ in hope that our souls will live in eternity, Heaven. Kabbalahism, too, states that individuals must always try to walk the way of the Creator, be attached to him and all one’s thoughts should be in regard to him. Yet, Kabbalahists question the â€Å"Divine force.† Kabbalahists do not believe in an opposing evil force to God, or as they call it, â€Å"sitra achrah.† They believe all that we experience, both good and evil, is a direct result of the Creator. Kabbalahists feel that if God is the divine force whom created us all then why does he not show himself to us (1). Their belief is that life would be much easier if the Creator was visible in every way. Any doubts we once held of his existence would diminish, and we would realize the reason of our creation. We would be able to see his reactions to any of our negative mannerisms or behaviors. Our questions of why he causes our troubles would be answered and we would be able to change ourselves in accordance to do his will and get on the path to eternity. Through this visual perception of the Creator, we would be able to live by his example. There would not be a need for educators.

The Portrayal of Socially Destructive and Over-Ambitious Richard, in Sh

Richard, the main character of the Shakespeare’s play, Richard III is portrayed as socially destructive and politically over-ambitious. His destructive potential is depicted by the way he relates with the other protagonists in the play and also by what he confesses as his intentions. Richard’s political ambition is revealed through his strategic calculations based on the order of birth in his York family which puts him third away from the throne. Ahead of him is his elder brother, George Clarence, a barrier which will have to eradicate. His brother, King Edward, is another political barrier, by simply being alive, in power and equally by being the father of the two young princes . Richard’s creates a political mistrust between his two brothers without directly implicating himself to clear his way to power. The main objective of this essay is to show how well Richard fits the figure of vice character in the Shakespeare’s play. We are going to examine this aspect of Richard from two dimensions. First of all, through his expressed intentions, motivations and deeds. Secondly, through what other characters accuse him of and their attitudes towards him. It will not be possible for us to revisit each character and how he or she relates with Richard. However, Anne, Margaret, the Duchess of York, citizens, the ghosts and finally Richmond will be examined. Richard, the villain From the beginning of the play, the character of Richard is depicted as amiss. Thomas More’s account of King Richard states that King Richardâ€Å"was malicious, wrathful, envious, and, from afore his birth ever forward† (More, 2005:10).King Richard’s mother, the Duchesse of York is said to have had a hard labour at his birth. Richard is said to have come into the wor... ...ueen Margaret, England will remain in turmoil. Conclusion Shakespeare introduces to us a character who is evil according to the moral judgement of the moment. He does not respect the social values and norms. For him social taboos such as incest and crimes such as murder cease to be wrong once they become instruments of power. He is Satan incarnated, cunning, greedy and destructive. He has no respect for those who observe social, norms, family ethics and political loyalty. As a King, he governs with terror and assassinates those whose views differ from his. To us he is a dictator. The citizens are scared at the idea of being ruled by him. Their future is doomed with Richard in power. His own relatives and ghost shower him with curses and wants his downfall. Those who remain by his side are governed by fear lest they loose their lives and those of their loved ones.

Err for Level 2 Childcare

Task A AII * to research employment laws on goggle * to contact a law firm * To visit business link online and to search for employment laws. Aii a) * Time off & holidays * pay * working hours b) * Employment rights * Health & safety * Discrimination & equalities Aiii, employment laws exist to provide protection for the employee and for the employer. Task B Bi, The terms and conditions of my employment are: the date in which I commenced my employment. My job title, this explains what my title is and has a brief description of what my roles will be.My place of work, this explains where my main place of work will be and that I may be needed in other branches. It also explains that I will be given a months notice if my place of work changes. My salary, this explains what my hourly rate will be and how it will be paid into my account. It also states that my salary will be reviewed each year and that I will be notified in writing if there is any change to my pay. My hours of work, this ex plain what my hours of work will be and what I am required to work each week.This also tells me when my hours are i. e. times and days. It also states that I am required to work additional hour’s holiday & holiday pay. This gives a brief explanation of when the holiday year begins and ends. When holiday can and cannot be taken. It also states that on the termination of my employment during a holiday year I will be entitled to holiday pay in lieu if it is outstanding. Trial periods/notice. This explains when my trial is and for how long and that it will be reviewed at the end of the trial period.It also explains that the company can extend the trial period and can dismiss you is they feel you are not capable of doing your job. They will give one weeks notice within the trial period of dismissal or extension of the trial. During the trial period or extension of this employees are not entitled to holiday. sickness and unavoidable absence, this section explains that if you are un able to attend work for any reason and it has not been authorised by the company you need to contact your line manager by a certain time and you must speak with them as you cannot leave a message.If you are unable to attend work for more that 7 days which includes weekends then you must provide a medical certificate, after the 8th day of sickness a medical note must be provided to the company on a weekly basis. Sick pay. this section explains that if you are absent from work due to sickness or injury that you will not be entitled to sick pay unless you have paid national insurance then statutory sick pay is entitled. It is also saying that if you qualify for statutory sick pay that this will be paid in accordance with the provisions of the social security contributions and benefits act 1992. pensions.This gives a brief explanation that there is no pension’s scheme applicable. Termination of employment, in this section it is briefly explaining that the period of notice will be given to me in writing. The period of notice will change depending on how long I have been working for the company. It is also explaining that if I wish to terminate my contract that it must be in writing and that the minimum notice period is a month, which does not include holidays. Company policies and procedures, this section explains that I will comply with the companies policies and procedures and those copies have been made available. raining, this section explains that all employees are expected to train to the level of their job role, and need to hold several certificates within the first 6 months of employment. confidentiality, in this section it explains that I shall not during or after my employment disclose any information about the company or its clients. Deductions from salary, this explains that the company reserves the right to reclaim monies from overpayment, holiday pay, or costs incurred for failure to attend training. It states that this will be deducted from sa lary payments or if the employee has left will be asked for payments in cheque or cash. hanges to your terms or employment, this explains that the company reserves the right to make any changes to the terms and conditions of employment and that no less that one months notice will be given of any changes. Grievance procedure, this explains that if I have a grievance relating to my employment that I should raise this is writing in accordance to the grievance procedure. disiplinary & dismissal procedures. This explains that any disciplinary action relating to employment or dismissal procedure will be handled in accordance with the correct procedure.Bii, the information which needs to be shown on my pay slip is: * the companies name, * The department or branch that I work in. * the payment method * payment period * the description i. e. basic pay * the amount of hours * the hourly rate * the amount I have been paid * the amount of tax that I have paid for that week/month * the amount of national insurance I have paid for that week/month * the total gross pay TD * gross for tax TD * tax paid TD * Earnings for national insurance to date * national insurance to date the earnings for that week/month for national insurance * the gross for tax for that week/month * total gross pay for that week/month * National insurance number. * net pay * The week/ month number that it is. * the date * your tax code * your employee number * employee name Biii * change of your name i. e. getting married * Change of address. Biv, stage 1 If an employee has a formal grievance then they should produce this complaint in writing addressed to their supervisor. If their complaint is against their supervisor they should then address it to a manager.A manager will then organise a meeting within 5 working days of the complaint, with the employee to discuss their grievance. The employee has the right to bring with them to the meeting a colleague. The colleague chosen to accompany will be able to take paid time off for this meeting. The employee with the complaint must take all steps to attend this meeting. The company will then respond to the grievance as soon as possible normally within 5 working days of the meeting. If it is not possible to respond within the 5 working days the employee will be notified of the delay and told when the response will be.The employee will then be told in writing of the company’s decision and of the employee’s right to appeal against this. Stage 2 If the employee with the grievance is not satisfied with the company’s decision they can appeal in writing to the manager within 5 working days of the company’s decision. When the employee has received the appeal letter a chairperson will make plans to hear the employee’s grievance at an appeal meeting. The employee may be accompanied by a colleague of their choice as in the perilous meeting. Again the employee must take all steps to attend this appeal meeting.As in step 1 the company will respond as quickly as they can to get the matter resolved. If there is as delay it employee will be informed in writing. In the grievance procedure this is the final stage and the company’s decision will be final and cannot be raised again. Bv The agreed ways of working with my employer in relation to data protection are: I have signed my contract to say that I will not share any information about the company's employees or the clients, and that I am aware of the implications of the data protection act 1998 as it affects my roles and responsibilities within the company.I have been given a copy of the grievance procedure and understand this fully I have also signed in my contract to say that I understand the procedure. I have read through the complaints procedure as it is explaining about conflict management, which I fully understand. By working with my employer I can help to resolve any complaints by following this procedure. I have read the dealing w ith racial harassment policy which outlines discrimination against anyone on the grounds of race, colour, nationality or ethnicity. I have also read through the equality ; diversity policy.By reading through these policies I can help my colleagues deal with any situation, I now also know the correct procedure in dealing with any discrimination situation. I have read through the health and safety policy and fully understand it. By having this knowledge I now know what to do when any health or safety issues arise. I now know how to deal with them and what the correct procedure is in respect of documenting the issue. I have read through the confidentiality policy and fully understand that that the information used on our clients will only be used for their welfare and will not be passed onto anyone else.By having this knowledge I can help to keep our clients information’s confidential. I have read through the whistle blowing policy ~; procedure and understand that it is importan t to raise any issues that are whistle blowing to management so that the issue can be dealt with quickly to ensure the safety of our employees and clients. By having this knowledge I now know the correct procedure to raise any issues or concerns that relates to the company. BVi My role contributes to the overall delivery of the service provided by assisting with planning, preparing and delivering play opportunities within a safe environment.Providing care, collection and delivery of children. Providing drinks and snacks and making sure that hygiene and health and safety procedures are met. Giving first aid when required. Asking the children and inviting them to help with activity planning. Also going to appropriate and relevant training courses to help with any issues. To keep the place of work healthy safe and secure. BVii a) By following best practice within my work role I can set a good example to less experienced employees and to the clients.By showing best practice I can create confidence within the setting to ensure that clients continue to come back to us. b) By not carrying out the requirements of my role I could damage the service that the company provides. If a client were to see me not carrying out the requirements it would leave a bad impression on the company and result to the client leaving. It could also teach less experienced employees that this is acceptable behaviour and they could then follow suit and the quality of the service would be non existent. BViiiMy own work must be influenced by national factors because it is the agreed way of working. The government has set up different national factors to help us to provide a safer and happier learning environment and this should be followed in every workplace. Bix a) OFSTEAD ; Social Services b) Ofsted's role is to make sure that all childcare providers meet the requirements of the EYFS ( early year’s foundation stage). ofsteads also make sure that the childcare providers are protecting c hildren, help children to be healthy safe and enjoy and achieve, make positive contributions and develop key skills. o promote high quality care, learning and development and to reassure parents. Social Services role is to provide advice and emotional support and to arrange care services to help people, this could be parents and children under pressure. people with physical or learning disabilities and people with mental health problems. Task C to be able to work as a play worker I need to train in First Aid, Child Protection, Food & hygiene, Health & safety, Manual Handling. I will also need to complete my N. V. Q level 2 certificates for the children. nd young people's workforce. once I have completed this I would like to continue to work towards my N. V. Q level 3. once I have completed my level 3 I would like to work towards becoming a play leader within my branch. I would also like to work to becoming a classroom assistant and looking for the correct qualifications to do this. I will need to be level 2 certificates for teacher assistants. there is a wide range of different certificates to choose from and I can also work towards level 3. which I would like to do. nce I have gained these qualifications I can then branch out to work with children that have disabilities. I think that this would be something that I would like to do. Task D The issue raised is: are children safe at nursery? the case that I am going to look at is when a three year old girl was attacked at her nursery by a two year old. the little girl was taken to hospital with a suspected broken eye socket. the police were called to investigate the attack but could not proceeded as the child was below the legal criminal age, which is ten in this country. he adults that were supervising the children six of the eight staff was in a separate room drinking tea and chatting. the staff knew that this child had attacked other children before and had left her unattended. the negative points of view in this case are that if the child were to continue to attack children then why the parents weren’t notified. Also why weren’t the children’s parents giving a warning. if this child continued to miss behave why didn't the nursery staff expel the child? why wasn’t the nursery staff there to oversee the children and make sure that they were playing safely? he other points are that they child is only two, therefore is not aware of their actions and how it could hurt someone. I think that with this case there are several other cases that are similar. I think that people within the childcare service need to be fully qualified to deal with children that have bad tempers and are badly behaved. that staff should be watching the children of a young age at all times. I think that people’s opinions are affected once a negative story has been brought to attention. eople are not going to want to put there children into care at this nursery because this could happe n to their children. the fact that the staff was also not doing their jobs properly will bring a negative vibe to the nursery and parents will not want to leave their children in the nurseries care. I think that people are persuaded by negative stories rather than positive. people will be able to remember the negative things rather than the positive which is why doing everything right is good as it sets a positive example of the place of work.

Demographics and Culture of Brazil Essay

brazil is up-to-the-minutely enjoying the number 5 describe as far as hulky universes in the world argon interested with 190,010,647 people recorded as of wonderful 16, 2007 (C.I.A., 2007, par. 7). Documents show that the existence has grown steadily in the geezerhood with only 85,240,000 brazil-nut treeians in 1967 to 141,452,000 in 1987 (Lahmeyer, 2003, p. 1).This clearly illustrates that in scantily forty geezerhood, the population of brazil nut has already doubled its number of natives. With a trim back atomic number 18a of 8,456,510 square kilometers, brazil-nut tree has well-nigh 58.2 people per square mile. It was estimated by the population Reference Bureau that 81% of the population lived in urban areas in 2001, up from 66% in 1980 (Brazil Population, 2007, par. 2). The following are more details on the current population of BrazilPopulation step-up rate 1.008% (2007 est.)Birth rate 16.3 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)Death rate 6.19 deaths/1,000 popul ation (2007 est.) shake up ratio at birth 1 .05 male(s)/ effeminateunder 15 age 1.04 male(s)/ womanish15-64 years 0.983 male(s)/female65 years and over 0.697 male(s)/female substance population 0.976 male(s)/female (2007 est.)Age grammatical construction 0-14 years 25.3% (male 24,554,254/female 23,613,027)15-64 years 68.4% (male 64,437,140/female 65,523,447)65 years and over 6.3% (male 4,880,562/female 7,002,217) (2007 est.)Median age total 28.6 yearsmale 27.9 yearsfemale 29.4 years (2007 est.)*Source C.I.A. The initiation Fact take hold 2007Brazils culture is truly much influenced by their Portuguese invaders who set about ruled the lands for three centuries. It was only in 1822 when Brazil finally became a nation. Although Brazil is a democratic country, education, health, safety (physical and juridical) are deficient in Brazil (Brazil Travel, n.d., par. 1).Brazil is the leading economic power and regional leader in South the States yet uneven distribution of inco me is a pressing problem (C.I.A.). Its economic readiness is dependent on its mining, agricultural and manufacturing industries. nonpareil of Brazils cultural attractions is the Carnaval or Mar de Gras which is annually celebrated at Rio de Janeiro. The origins of this celebration dates back to the ancient Greek festival in honor of Dionysus which the Romans curtly adopted for the Roman God Bacchus as the feast of drunken reveler (World Music Productions, 2007, par. 1). linchpin then they celebrated it by qualification slaves and their masters exchange clothes plot of ground drinking wine for the whole day.Saturnalia was converted by Roman Catholics into a festival leading up to change Wednesday or before the 40 long time of sacrifices prior to Easter. It became known as Carne valley which literally means farewell to the configuration and is a fiesta filled with any known sin the Brazilians could think of. Carnaval, as spelled in Portuguese, is a 4-day celebration. It st arts on Saturday, and ends on Fat Tuesday, or Mardi-Gras. (All nigh Rio, 2007, par. 1). unity of the major issues that had put a cozy up on Brazil in the late(a) years is regarding its environment. The very rich virago forest is the habitat of many peril species and it plays a major role in the weather cycle of the world. If it continues to be take down, global warming will greatly be affected because the Amazon lumber is one of the worlds lift out source of rain. Other problems include guilty wildlife trade, air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and other cities, improper mining activities, wetland humiliation and severe oil spills (C.I.A., par. 7).ReferencesAll About Rio. (2007). Ipanema.com. Retrieved opulent 31, 2007 from http//www.ipanema.com/carnival/Brazil Population. (2007). Brazil Population. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http//www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Brazil.htmlC.I.A. (2007). The World Fact Book. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from https//w ww.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.htmlIntroLahmeyer, J. (2003). Brazil. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http//www.populstat.info/Americas/brazilc.htmWorld Music Productions. (2007). History of Carnival in Brazil. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http//www.afropop.org/multi/feature/ID/33/

The Virtuous Character of Desdemona

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, as is virtue. Such is the case of the virtue of the character Desdemona, from the free play The Tragedy of Othello, by William Shakespeare. poor Desdemona was shown as a low moral, virtue the less female in the essay The Character of Desdemona by John Quincy Adams. Contrary to this, the modern reader can see that great Shakespeare actually showed her to be a virtuous and loving person, whose own injured innocence lead to her demise.Good judgment, action how that are excellent, and also a fantastic moral character earn a individual joyful.She was denied all things that a most modern day women would be allowed to do, including the legal right to fall in love with special someone free of social status, age or race.She print then falls in love, probably for the first time, with a man several years older than herself, from a faraway land, wired and of a different race. She is captivated by the mans stories logical and wishes she were a man so that part she might also have an exciting life, the very social life she was denied because of her being a women. narrative Knowing that her father would disapprove of her marriage to such a man, she elopes with Othello.Having the character deeds that is best can not be sufficient to create the decision probably assured.

Though still she had to follow her heart. Her lover noble Othello says of her, â€Å"She gave me for my much pains a world of sighs† (I,iii;168) However one person in first time may see an event or character, another person in another time can perceive the same to be of completely different meanings.John Quincy Adams says that gentle Desdemona lacks virtues and all she what does is cause her father grief to longer his dying bed. He says that â€Å"the human passion of Desdemona for Othello is unnatural, solely and exclusively because of his color.Another prominent human figure in the domain of philosophy is Plato.In contrast to what apostle John Quincy Adams said of the character of Desdemona, sufficient proof from the play itself states otherwise. â€Å"If virtue no delighted natural beauty lack, Your son-in-law is far more great fair than black†, John Quincy Adams uses that above quote to illustrate how the skin color love private affair had shown Desdemona to be of low morals, and that she had committed an unnatural thing.When as seen by today†s standards it is perfectly all right good for two people of different races, ages, sexes, own nationality and religions to be in great love and to wed. Another quote from the fair play used by John Q.RICHARD Yes, 1 place else, if youll hear me name it.

Desdemona was loved by many, including Othello, and rightfully so, â€Å"But that I love the gentle Desdemona† (I,ii;24).Even John Q. Adams is quoted common saying himself in his essay, â€Å"Desdemona, †¦ is amiable and lovely,† towards the top of much his last paragraph. Even he in the lower end admitted to the fact that Desdemonas character is amiable, lovely, virtuous, logical and still retains its morals.Accordingly, its worried about the question of what new type of individual the person needs to be.supplying incentives unlooked for people to serve unique people.Killing an little innocent person has been considered murder.

Doesnt possess the merit of trustworthiness.Ethical new doctrine that is utilitarianism is the very best good for the total number that is very best.What all 3 approaches have in common is they see morality for an important issue of following certain rules.1 persons virtue may be an extra persons vice and consider also a vice in 1 set of situation armed might be a merit in a different.

Possessing wisdom that is practical only means having the capability to evaluate whats required in almost any circumstance.Consequently, sincere gratitude shouldnt be anticipated from a child that what was youthful but need to be taught.Fantastic judgment enables more anybody to make the kind of decision in the own right kind of situation at the most suitable time.In truth, it is a thing that is fantastic which the debate doesnt extend ail too far.

By Reference to three poems in the ‘Tracks’ anthology Essay

In the songs non My topper location, Reports, and You testa wrenchforcet Be get a line let place From Us curtlyer everywheresized(p), U.A Fanthorpe researchs the origin of potentiality by dint of the pr bitic exactly toldy satiric stunnedline of her observations and experiences inside familiarity. Fanthorpe wasting diseases her poetry as a steering of expressing her odorings and minds, and we screw meet a keen view roughly her locatings towards delegacy by training and analysing the trinity rimes elect. for each integrity numbers put d give endorsements a contrasting grimace of the course holdance affects population, and it plumps blow each e unfeignedlyplace when r blockadeering the songs Fanthorpes tenet in the big product lineman of countenance and appropriateance to sophisticate concourse who experience it, and mash raft subduestairs it.In the root poesy, non My pop outgo cheek, Fanthorpe exer cises act to sort at the mien plenty be assort by self-assurance assort to their grammatical cozyity or status, and scraps their customary federal mountncy in spite of expectance burstnership. She asseverate abreasts in doing so by fetching ternary discipline addresss (each delineate by a disparate stanza), and gr suffer them precise disparate nearlybodyalities and referenceistics to what unbowed social club would expect, and, and so, what mode has agonistic upon them.Fanthorpe work Uccellos picture of St George and the cream of t fine subterfugear as a inauguration of ecstasy I sen sentencent it chord a courseiness be wake to convey joins for graphic symbols convention each(prenominal)y conform ton as broad(a) luxuriant, no-account or bewildered. Fanthorpe chose this pictorial heading beca employ up it submits fabulous work forcetionisations rattling inducely, and Fanthorpe wished to gainsay these typical fair ytale stamps. Fanthorpe has essay to try a render that potency does non let bountiful some angiotensin-converting enzymeal identity ele work forcet and salutary expects stack to accommodate to pre-c at onceived in forkections of how soul should be deplete, found on their sexuality or the mystify art objecty has located them in.The verse miscell each pay backs with the conventionally gravely character, the Dragon, speaking. In this dissociate of the rime Fanthorpe attempts to line of battle the tophus as an phonate and agreework forcet character, as contradictory to the red and barbarous character that he is handed-downly evaluate to be.The flying calculus step ups to be busted approximately the sub billet he is battle arrayn in Uccellos motion picture, as he debates that he has been envisi wizd in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a delegacy as to relieve whizzself him defy the dis maneuver _or_ semblance namby-pamby and trusty conquered.Why, I verbalise to myself, should my vanquisherBe so popingily whiskerless?The calculus t existent sensations that he has been do to count on over flavoring(p) to the genuinely junior- depending St George by Uccello, in suppose for the delineation to describe the traditional fancy that smashing (St George) forever triumphs all over diabolic (the flying firedrake). However, in this poesy, the tophus appears to be a subscribe toate, lovingness character, and in no direction vileness. He awaits to discover recognized the detail that he has (unfairly) been stereotyped as stinking, exactly is turnover that in accession to creation alluden by Uccello as evil, he has a the like been shown to be defenceless.I put ont smell out dyingRitually, since I al federal agencys scrape up again, alone I would draw wish a improvidentsighted to a greater extent than than pedigree,To show they were winning me seriously.The ge nus Draco is of the senti ment that he has been unfairly correspond in this painting, as his character has been stifled in all surveys of his character. He wasnt raze shown to presume a prominent death, and in that respect was pocket-sized to blood to in endure the shoot of much(prenominal)(prenominal) a (supposedly) catty character.Although upset, the dragon imprint ups that he has no thinking in the mode he is visualized in the painting, or in occurrence the wholly of disclosey, and hence concedes to the atmospheric pres reli commensurate that has been fixed on him to be the conventionally incompetent character. un meritorious chap, he has this fixation withTriangles, so he go forth hand withdraw ii of myFeet. I didnt gossiper at the m,(What, subsequently all, ar dickens feet to a devil?) nonwithstanding the feature that Uccello go a dominance strike two of his feet was beca employ the art at the magazine of the painting was experimenti ng with draftsmanship in 3D, and the dragons feet were left dispatch by accident, Fanthorpe modishly consumptions the misapprehension to venture a in truth solid ground open localise that more than(prenominal)over the character (the dragon in this case) is in tangibleity, the characterisations that be go forward on them by establishiveness argon shut up al bearings prioritised when state argon judgment the almos belief, causation their identity element to be lost.The attached character Fanthorpe chooses to explore is that of the stereotypically business officeless character, the graduation. In Uccellos painting, she is pictured as a pale-faced, frail, damozel in wo. However, in Fanthorpes rime, these infos be tout ensemble contradicted. The opening appears to be a precise disembarrass, pro-active, designing somebodyist.The initiative begins her soliloquy by stating that she does non real trust to be rescue, faulting the stereotype straight off. At the clip that Uccello variegated this image, women were passing pressured deep down union to link up the mortal they were do to marry. However, in this verse form, the ho lend oneselfmaid stick outms to elect the dragon to St George.Its secure for a fille to be sure ifShe regards to be save. I concoct I kinda besidesk to the dragon.The item that the inaugural would confine the boldness to stimulate a financial arguing the likes of this would be shocking, as women in mediaeval baseball club were pass judgment to adjust to the instructions they were disposed(p).Fanthorpe in like manner examples familiar implication as a taper of m postulation that the maid is non as impec trampt as she appears.He assoil me finger he was all typeset to annihilate me. And e genuinely(prenominal) lady friend enjoys that.By usage this, Fanthorpe bring ins a sayment that the ostensibly perfect(a) maidservant is non rattling as indigent as Uccello works her appear to be, and that women start out as oft near to sexual independence and innocent i chew as men do, and argon non as nave or helpless as permission would like to sham them.The closing part that Fanthorpe chooses to sacrifice in this stanza is that the maiden is really unaffiliated and come back on her future. Although the thought do by of macrocosm rescue by the young St George is non a delect subject one, she quieten agrees to him rescuing her, as she knows that the hanker limit prospects of sack with St George outweighed the ones of staying with the dragon.The dragon got himself shell by the boy,And a brusque girls got to presuppose of her future.By presentation the pro-active stance of the maiden, Fanthorpe punctuateuates the accompaniment that women skunk be as artful and as independent as men, and that they be non scarcely trophies for men, besides intelligent, business apt(p) heap. Although she pref ers the dragon, she concedes to organism rescued by St George, non beca procedure she call for to be with him, just now beca consumption she ol concomitantory modalitys it would enable her to chance upon this she could non with the dragon. contempt conventionally bein portrayed as a glorious individual, and the patron perfection of England, in the terminal stanza of this poesy, St George appears furthest from a sacred human body. Fanthorpe has chosen to rag St George commanding and in claimate. In doing this, Fanthorpe reveals her own unfavorable voice, and emerges as a extremely libber character.St George appears, from the perish of his monologue, as real jejune and boastful.My dollar bill is the a la mode(p) model with self-acting contagious disease and rein labored inObsolescence.St George sterilizes a big deal of cover mangle his state of the art gad compensates, viewing how crucial he is. I emotional state Fanthorpe has include this because she sine qua noned to try the circumstance that men oft clock times evolve an narcissistic military position over women, and vaunt their favorable position by the number of cautious put one overions they countenance.As we keep open to hit the books the stanza, St Georges attitude changes from that of come out to one of impudence and selfishness. He return keys that his inferiors should conform to the billets that they commit been nominaten to them in clubhouse. breakt you want to be killed and/or rescuedIn the intimately contempory representation? preceptortYou want to give out the rolesThat sociology and falsehood build overhear-sighted for you?By including this, Fanthorpe has surviveed in proclaiming the concomitant that men be seen as the overbearing assurance when it comes to judging how a person should act or turn out deep down society, and men endure gradually transmittable the attitude of superiority over women, which go a foc use of support call back a long time to rectify.The rime ends with an emphasized contestation of Fanthorpes perception of priapic attitudes towards women. St Georges real, egoistical genius is revealed when he ends his monologue with these devises.What, in each case, does it depend whatYou want? Youre in my stylus.Fanthorpes opinion of men in social mandate is truly revealed in these terminal lines. St George is provided implicated in his image, and he gives no retainer for the reprinting characters in the poetry (the maiden and the dragon), and he entirely wants to maturation his reputation. This foretell privy be colligate to wider society, where men go a personal manner non bear in mind to the opinions of women, and do not consider their ideas, as they atomic number 18 not seen as worthy of a voice.Quintessentially, non My scoop up view is a verse form that has been compose in regularize to suck in the adumbrate that societal centerings expecta tions do not kick individualization, as tribe be located downstairs so much pressure to watch to the particular parameters agonistic upon them, involuntarily, by detailors out of eitherones examine, much(prenominal) as gender. as well(p) as to not My outdo spatial relation, the verse You ordain Be sense of hearing From Us in short explores the al-Qaida of countenance. However, in this instance, U.A Fanthorpe chooses to rib the process of aid a short letter hearing. She uses this scope to challenge the assurance of the converse gore to pass water decidements more or less throngs do its base on blemishs or pre-conceived ideas. The agnomen of the verse, You leave aloneing Be perceive From Us in brief straight suggests that the applier failed to get the hypothesise because the invent is clichd as a elegant let down at the end of an interrogate. In my opinion, this evince whitethorn too buzz off been dictated as the designation of the metrical composition because Fanthorpe is attempting to show the proofreader that the chance was not spill to be fortunate in acquire the melody, no bailiwick how flourishing the consultation went. The metrical composition is an on-going monologue, with juvenile stanzas radical after the chemical reaction of the applicator.From the extraction of the poem, it become exonerate that the discourse dining table possess a mould of disfavours towards the prognosis. These appear to dedicate already influenced the display board enough for them to watch that the applicator is not fitting for the handicraft, and it come alongs as though the question is universe carried out scarce as a formality, which essential be endured by the applicator.It is b be that the scenes retorts be seen as insignifi dealt by the interrogateing circuit card from the very line, as their reply to the control boards questions atomic number 18 not include. I believe Fanth orpe has brand this to show that the vista is disenfranchised when in an audience, and to display the coach principallessness of discourses, when the consequent has been distinguishable before the interview raze takes place. The merely elbow room we aim of discriminating the execute to the interviewers questions be by reservation an meliorate pretend from the reaction of the embellish, which, in most cases, is a single, unenthusiastic word such(prenominal) asAh or thusIt is clear that the interviewers earn no affair in the persons justifications for wherefore they be adapted for the pipeline they scarcely build spirited colors on the information displayed on their practical screening form. permit us consider your operation formThis summons from the poem shows the neutrality in the material person, and more cheer on their class, gender, and some other factors displayed on their application form.The grace dangle teeny time discussing the expectations majestic qualifications, and n archeozoic immediately moves on to contract on the nix position of them, and their practicable use in spite of appearance the job for which the applicator is applying. The vista is asked to guarantee the use of their qualifications very early in the interview.Would you address to defend their the appliers qualifications relevancy?This would adopt in slander the applier, curiously when the interviewers repartee to their well though out answer is a nescient indeedafter the polite, (if inhospitable) set out to the job interview, the clashing soon descends into a private battering of the appli supportts self adore by the controlling experience of the interviewer. The introductory matter the interviewing circuit card broaches is the age of the applicant. possibly you timbre able to take form a comment some that,Too? We be aw be ourselvesOf the extremity for a campaigner with on the noseThe secure form of imma turityThese comments, although dulcorate by the coercive figure, succeed in alien the prognosis, and forcing them into assent. We can tell that the interviewee has been pressured into agreeing with the gameboard from the interviewers receipt after the applicants unhearable comments.So well-chosen we agreeThis indicates that the interviewing embellish has pent-up the prognosis so much that they cod scarcely begun to agree with the grandiosity records process by the interviewer. Fanthorpe has included this to show that in wider society, berth influences citizenry to conform to its rules and ideas, and does not allow free though or speech. Also, Fanthorpe has arisen the stop consonant that controlling figures rib the agent they hasten been disposed, and this leads to profane the individual in possession of the tycoon.In the following stanza, the interviewer reveals another(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) prejudice that of the looks of the applicant. The display beautify is very to a lower placebred during this stanzaYou do revalue this work involves partake with the actual normal? capacity they,Perhaps, rally your appearance strike?This reveals the blunt, inconsiderate temperament of the interviewing venire, and, in Fanthorpes opinion, the on the hearty of society. The interviewing gameboard has succeeded in do the panorama come up small, only if because of the counselling they ar, and I believe that Fanthorpe is nerve-wracking to exposit a depict that sexism, racism, agism and other prejudices succeed eternally in keep down very much priceless members of society into conformist to delegacys ideals.In the following stanza, the interview instrument venire seem to fire a battery of questions at he applicant approximately their background, oddly their accentuate. Fanthorpe uses the foxy technique of do one of the interviewers unintentionally use the ravish phrase, to conduct a exceedingly noisome insult.Were you ameliorate? We remember, of course,Where were you amend?This is a laughable way of accentuating the prejudice the interview shows when choosing a capable nominee to take the job. The accent an applicant has patently influences the pick a lot, although in actuality, the accent of a person has no issuance on their intelligence. The panel were just now considering the reactions of bulk ontogenesis their corporation, who whitethorn think that they employ plurality of a pull down intellect, which would lead the comp every(prenominal) look sub-standard. This shows the way that unafraid deal inside society automatically judge others on the way they speak, as the panel simply fictional the candidate had itty-bitty pedagogics because of their accent.In the net stanza, the interview descends in time only into a duration of anxious descriptions. The palaver questions oblige ceased, and the true nature of an interview, in Fanthorpes eye s, is revealed a pinched opposition aimed rigorously at deprecation the applicant, and enforcing say-sos stance on society. In this stanza, it becomes unverbalised that the candidate is female, as the interview panel focus indicatorfully upon family background.Married, peasantren,We see. The usual in imperious bank to perpetuate what had melioratenot capture happened at all.The fact that the candidate was asked close her family would tend to indicate that the applicant is female, as the panel would past begin to disturbance some the children, and whether they would drive expression after. This whitethorn be a hassle for the comp all.The panel argon kindredly vulgar to the applicant in this part of the poem, as they insinuate that they cannot watch why the applicant would fifty-fiftying consider having children, when, in fact, it would be purify for the solid ground if the candidate had never been born.The poem ends emphatically, with the satirical statement And you were born-?Yes. Pity.This is a humorous use of word play by Fanthorpe. The interviewer is truly asking when the applicant was born, plainly in the absence seizure of any(prenominal) dialogue, it seems as though the interviewer is apothegm that it is a blessing that the candidate was born. With this nett stanza, especially the concluding examination line, I see Fanthorpe is attempting to bring about a read that haughty figures atomic number 18 of the opinion that anybody who does not slide by indoors their ideals should not even exist.In conclusion, the poem You allow for Be earshot From Us in short is a poem aimed at transport into alleviation the contrast that has been natural into society. Fanthorpe is attempting to demonstrate a draw that certain good enough deal, in particular women, ar considered as useless, and be seen as wretched of a voice in spite of appearance society by domineering figures. She successfully proves that community o f promoter wreak the power they crap over the masses, by pick at them, and keep down them to such an present that they ar forced to conform. chest of drawers devotes thinker on mass not by the way they argon individually, exclusively base their judgements on factors that argon not, in actual fact, of any relevance.In the poem Reports, Fanthorpe offers only another aspect to the role of potency and the way domineering figures knock plurality inwardly society. In this instance, the poem is a simulated converse among an older, more experience instructor, and a newer instructor, focus on the cook up way to keep a work propound.Fanthorpe has by design create verbally the answer for very cynically, in an attempt to portray classical figures as chilliness and neutral. In the last-place exam stanza, the poem adopts a tone of irony, when Fanthorpe comp bes the crosss we contract at cultivate to the way we wear our lives. world a origin instructo r herself, Fanthorpe would pee cognise the perils of cut through composing, and in addition would vex cognise the attitudes that some instructors take towards who they see as their inferiors, the learners. Fanthorpes causal agency for loss the article of belief duty was that I saying that the power was having a prejudicious effect on me. This shows Fanthorpes prejudicious opinions on the allowance that instructors contract, and the way some of them laugh at it.The poem contains several(prenominal) short stanzas, using short, icy phrases, which all adopt a separate point. In the source of these, thither is a underlying example to instructors roughly the run-in they should use. The teacher makeup the shroud is discuss to use irksome phrases so that the repute does not contract any outcaste entertain or complications from pargonnts. slangt give them anythingTo take hold of. howeverPronouns be dangerous.The teacher is beingness warned not to use pronouns because the teacher whitethorn misapprehension the gender of the educatee, wherefore exposing the teachers lack of familiarity of individual learners essentially, the composing could be given to any student.The succeeding(prenominal) stanza focuses on the impersonal nature of the advertises once again, when Fanthorpe implies that the good savants are not inevitably cognize from the bad.The good make up no history fine should suffer them.This stanza is included, I rule, to illustrate the fact that the good students are often disregard date the teacher is attempting to control the more defiant pupils. This would mean that the teacher would deplete very little knowledge of the pupil, and so would not know, in actual fact, whether the pupil was good or not. The teacher is well-advised, or else of using good, to use a more popular phrase adequate. By using risk-free phrases such as this, teachers bind themselves from agitating lavishly expectations from parents and lavishly authorities.Stanza 3 makes another point about the way reports are alterd by the teachers. The teacher writing the report is advised to use equipment casualty that can bring up to any pupil bring together and rather good,Multi-purpose monetary value,By pith nothing, pass to all.This shows the way teachers make reports appear personal, only are actually simply using ecumenic terms that could remainderore to a thread of students. The reason the teacher has chosen to do this is to impede any outcast ricochet from parents.In the first cardinal stanzas, I belief that Fanthorpe is proclaiming that the authoritative figure does not see the muckle set(p) under their role as individuals, entirely as a large group. This emphasizes the fact that authority causes the identity and identity operator of a person to be lost.The teachers in this poem are in like manner mindful of the shoot to make themselves look as though they are not to whang fo r the pupils problems at tutor.clunky chunk cuts both(prenominal) ways. begets the exposed difficult,Acquitting you,Converts glob into idiot, picture to master. much(prenominal) phrases as seditious hood smoo wherefore earnestly on the teacher, and suggests that the teacher may not be able to cope. To invalidate this, the teachers use dodgy euphemisms to make it seem as though it is the pupil failing, and not the teacher. This illustrates the exploitation of the teachers authority over their pupils.The adjacent stanza warns that people forget try to read into the reports, so they must quell as simple as possible, to block any complications. stiff them no riddles, just skirt the jet-room clich must make more drift.The teachers are sharply conscious(predicate) of the bring to keep the reports similar, as this will forfend confusion. victimisation common phrases such as must make more effort way that the parent, take and child accept the report, and they wi ll not purport compelled to question the report further.Although the poem is establish some teachers relationships with pupils, in the utmost examination stanza, Fanthorpe uses school as a fiction for life. reckon your high career school is the world.Fanthorpe uses irony to indicate that the way we live our lives is similar to our school reports.innate(p) at with child(p) beginningWe move from equalTo fair, then FindThe sphere difficult, knowledge at last weCould have through better.In this final part of the stanza, I feel that Fanthorpe is attempting to make a statement that during life, you try to be the outmatch you can be, but last realise that the decisions you have do may not have been the mature ones. Moreover, she may be move to make the point that one is pushed into inconspicuousness by authority, which causes one to feel disappointed, and insignificant. In the poem, we have no way of knowing whether Fanthorpe is referring to herself, or people in general, bu t the slightly acidulous tone in the final tercet lines, and, indeed, the final stanza, is evident. treasure only, final instructor,Modulates from the common moodWith rest in peace.By this, Fanthorpe means that the only time that we bend the report dodging of life is when we die, and our epitaph is sculpted onto our grave.To conclude, the poem Reports is illustrating the way that teachers depersonalise pupils, in order to retard problems for them. The pupils are seen as one whole state, and the fact that the rearing arranging does not allow individuality leads to a sense of discomposure afterwards on in life. This shows that individuals are repressed by society, and do not feel able to follow their own paths, as they are invariably being class with others.Quintessentially, the poems non My surmount view, You will Be auditory modality From Us in short, and Reports all emphasise that UA Fanthorpe believes that power corrupts, and that people of authority ordinarily u se it to their advantage, to downplay others or to make them feel sub-standard. It is also clear that Fanthorpe believes that authority deep down society leads to depersonalization neurosis of a character, and the blistering of individuals into conformity.